Transporting Tablespaces Between Databases

Task 1: Determine if Platforms are Supported and Determine Endianness

This task is only necessary if you are transporting the tablespace set to a platform different from the source platform.

If you are transporting the tablespace set to a platform different from the source platform, then determine if cross-platform tablespace transport is supported for both the source and destination platforms, and determine the endianness of each platform. If both platforms have the same endianness, no conversion is necessary. Otherwise you must do a conversion of the tablespace set either at the source or destination database.

If you are transporting sales_1 and sales_2 to a different platform, you can execute the following query on each platform. If the query returns a row, the platform supports cross-platform tablespace transport.

SELECT d.PLATFORM_NAME, ENDIAN_FORMAT
     FROM V$TRANSPORTABLE_PLATFORM tp, V$DATABASE d
     WHERE tp.PLATFORM_NAME = d.PLATFORM_NAME;

The following is the query result from the source platform:

PLATFORM_NAME                      ENDIAN_FORMAT
---------------------------------- --------------
Solaris[tm] OE (32-bit)            Big

The following is the result from the destination platform:

PLATFORM_NAME                      ENDIAN_FORMAT
---------------------------------- --------------
Microsoft Windows IA (32-bit)      Little

You can see that the endian formats are different and thus a conversion is necessary for transporting the tablespace set.

Task 2: Pick a Self-Contained Set of Tablespaces

There may be logical or physical dependencies between objects in the transportable set and those outside of the set. You can only transport a set of tablespaces that is self-contained. In this context "self-contained" means that there are no references from inside the set of tablespaces pointing outside of the tablespaces. Some examples of self contained tablespace violations are:

• An index inside the set of tablespaces is for a table outside of the set of tablespaces.

  Note:

  It is not a violation if a corresponding index for a table is outside of the set of tablespaces.

• A partitioned table is partially contained in the set of tablespaces.

  The tablespace set you want to copy must contain either all partitions of a partitioned table, or none of the partitions of a partitioned table. To transport a subset of a partition table, you must exchange the partitions into tables.

  See Oracle Database VLDB and Partitioning Guide for information about exchanging partitions.

• A referential integrity constraint points to a table across a set boundary.

  When transporting a set of tablespaces, you can choose to include referential integrity constraints. However, doing so can affect whether a set of tablespaces is self-contained. If you decide not to transport constraints, then the constraints are not considered as pointers.

• A table inside the set of tablespaces contains a LOB column that points to LOBs outside the set of tablespaces.

• An XML DB schema (*.xsd) that was registered by user A imports a global schema that was registered by user B, and the following is true: the default tablespace for user A is tablespace A, the default tablespace for user B is tablespace B, and only tablespace A is included in the set of tablespaces.

To determine whether a set of tablespaces is self-contained, you can invoke the TRANSPORT_SET_CHECK procedure in the Oracle supplied package DBMS_TTS. You must have been granted the EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE role (initially signed to SYS) to execute this procedure.

When you invoke the DBMS_TTS package, you specify the list of tablespaces in the transportable set to be checked for self containment. You can optionally specify if constraints must be included. For strict or full containment, you must additionally set the TTS_FULL_CHECK parameter to TRUE.

The strict or full containment check is for cases that require capturing not only references going outside the transportable set, but also those coming into the set. Tablespace Point-in-Time Recovery (TSPITR) is one such case where dependent objects must be fully contained or fully outside the transportable set.

For example, it is a violation to perform TSPITR on a tablespace containing a table t but not its index i because the index and data will be inconsistent after the transport. A full containment check ensures that there are no dependencies going outside or coming into the transportable set. See the example for TSPITR in the Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide.

The following statement can be used to determine whether tablespaces sales_1 and sales_2 are self-contained, with referential integrity constraints taken into consideration (indicated by TRUE).

EXECUTE DBMS_TTS.TRANSPORT_SET_CHECK('sales_1,sales_2', TRUE);

After invoking this PL/SQL package, you can see all violations by selecting from the TRANSPORT_SET_VIOLATIONS view. If the set of tablespaces is self-contained, this view is empty. The following example illustrates a case where there are two violations: a foreign key constraint, dept_fk, across the tablespace set boundary, and a partitioned table, jim.sales, that is partially contained in the tablespace set.

SQL> SELECT * FROM TRANSPORT_SET_VIOLATIONS;

VIOLATIONS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Constraint DEPT_FK between table JIM.EMP in tablespace SALES_1 and table
JIM.DEPT in tablespace OTHER
Partitioned table JIM.SALES is partially contained in the transportable set

These violations must be resolved before sales_1 and sales_2 are transportable. As noted in the next task, one choice for bypassing the integrity constraint violation is to not export the integrity constraints.

Task 3: Generate a Transportable Tablespace Set

After ensuring you have a self-contained set of tablespaces that you want to transport, generate a transportable tablespace set by completing the following steps:

1. Start SQL*Plus and connect to the database as an administrator or as a user who has either the ALTER TABLESPACE or MANAGE TABLESPACE system privilege.

   See "Connecting to the Database with SQL*Plus" for instructions.

2. Make all tablespaces in the set read-only.

   SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE sales_1 READ ONLY;
   
   Tablespace altered.
   
   SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE sales_2 READ ONLY;
   
   Tablespace altered.
   

3. Invoke the Data Pump export utility as user system and specify the tablespaces in the transportable set.

   SQL> HOST
   
   $ expdp system dumpfile=expdat.dmp directory=data_pump_dir 
           transport_tablespaces=sales_1,sales_2 logfile=tts_export.log
   
   Password: password
   

   You must always specify TRANSPORT_TABLESPACES, which determines the mode of the export operation. In this example:

   • The DUMPFILE parameter specifies the name of the structural information export file to be created, expdat.dmp.

   • The DIRECTORY parameter specifies the directory object that points to the operating system or Oracle Automatic Storage Management location of the dump file. You must create the DIRECTORY object before invoking Data Pump, and you must grant the READ and WRITE object privileges on the directory to PUBLIC. See Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for information on the CREATE DIRECTORY command.

     Note:

     The directory object DATA_PUMP_DIR is automatically created when you install Oracle Database. Read and write access to this directory is automatically granted to the DBA role, and thus to users SYS and SYSTEM. If the DIRECTORY parameter is omitted, DATA_PUMP_DIR is used as the default directory.

   • The LOGFILE parameter specifies the file name of the log file to be written by the export utility. The log file is written to the same directory as the dump file.

   • EXPDP prompts for the password for the system account if you do not specify it on the command line.

   • Triggers and indexes are included in the export operation by default.

   To perform a transport tablespace operation with a strict containment check, use the TRANSPORT_FULL_CHECK parameter, as shown in the following example:

   expdp system dumpfile=expdat.dmp directory=data_pump_dir
         transport_tablespaces=sales_1,sales_2 transport_full_check=y
         logfile=tts_export.log
   

   In this case, the Data Pump export utility verifies that there are no dependencies between the objects inside the transportable set and objects outside the transportable set. If the tablespace set being transported is not self-contained, then the export fails and indicates that the transportable set is not self-contained. You must then return to Task 2 to resolve all violations.

   Notes:

   The Data Pump utility is used to export only data dictionary structural information (metadata) for the tablespaces. No actual data is unloaded, so this operation goes relatively quickly even for large tablespace sets.

4. Check the log file for errors, and take note of the dump file and datafiles that you must transport to the destination database. EXPDP outputs the names and paths of these files in messages like these:

   ******************************************************************************
   Dump file set for SYSTEM.SYS_EXPORT_TRANSPORTABLE_01 is:
     /u01/app/oracle/admin/salesdb/dpdump/expdat.dmp
   ******************************************************************************
   Datafiles required for transportable tablespace SALES_1:
     /u01/app/oracle/oradata/salesdb/sales_101.dbf
   Datafiles required for transportable tablespace SALES_2:
     /u01/app/oracle/oradata/salesdb/sales_201.dbf
   

5. When finished, exit back to SQL*Plus:

   $ EXIT
   

   See Also:

   Oracle Database Utilities for information about using the Data Pump utility

If sales_1 and sales_2 are being transported to a different platform, and the endianness of the platforms is different, and if you want to convert before transporting the tablespace set, then convert the datafiles composing the sales_1 and sales_2 tablespaces:

1. From SQL*Plus, return to the host system:

   SQL> HOST
   

2. Start RMAN and connect to the source database:

   $ RMAN TARGET /
   
   Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.0.1 
   
   Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
   
   connected to target database: salesdb (DBID=3295731590)
   

3. Use the RMAN CONVERT TABLESPACE command to convert the datafiles into a temporary location on the source platform.

   In this example, assume that the temporary location, directory /tmp, has already been created. The converted datafiles are assigned names by the system.

   RMAN> CONVERT TABLESPACE sales_1,sales_2 
   2> TO PLATFORM 'Microsoft Windows IA (32-bit)'
   3> FORMAT '/tmp/%U';
   
   Starting conversion at source at 30-SEP-08
   using channel ORA_DISK_1
   channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile conversion
   input datafile file number=00007 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/salesdb/sales_101.dbf
   converted datafile=/tmp/data_D-SALESDB_I-1192614013_TS-SALES_1_FNO-7_03jru08s
   channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile conversion complete, elapsed time: 00:00:45
   channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile conversion
   input datafile file number=00008 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/salesdb/sales_201.dbf
   converted datafile=/tmp/data_D-SALESDB_I-1192614013_TS-SALES_2_FNO-8_04jru0aa
   channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile conversion complete, elapsed time: 00:00:25
   Finished conversion at source at 30-SEP-08
   

   See Also:

   Oracle Database Backup and Recovery Reference for a description of the RMAN CONVERT command

4. Exit Recovery Manager:

   RMAN> exit
   Recovery Manager complete.
   

Task 4: Transport the Tablespace Set

Complete the following steps:

1. Transport both the datafiles and the export (dump) file of the tablespaces to a place that is accessible to the destination database. To accomplish this, do one of the following:

   • If no endianness conversion of the tablespace set is needed, or if you already converted the tablespace set:

     1. Transport the dump file to the directory pointed to by the DATA_PUMP_DIR directory object, or to any other directory of your choosing.

        Run the following query to determine the location of DATA_PUMP_DIR:

        SELECT * FROM DBA_DIRECTORIES WHERE DIRECTORY_NAME = 'DATA_PUMP_DIR';
        
        OWNER      DIRECTORY_NAME   DIRECTORY_PATH
        ---------- ---------------- -----------------------------------
        SYS        DATA_PUMP_DIR    C:\app\orauser\admin\orawin\dpdump\
        

     2. Transport the datafiles to the location of the existing datafiles of the destination database.

        On the UNIX and Linux platforms, this location is typically /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SID/ or +DISKGROUP/SID/datafile/.

        Note:

        If you converted the datafiles, obtain the new names and locations of the datafiles from the CONVERT TABLESPACE command output, as shown in Step 3 of Task 3: Generate a Transportable Tablespace Set.

   • If you intend to perform endianness conversion after transporting to the destination host:

     1. Transport the dump file to the directory pointed to by the DATA_PUMP_DIR directory object, or to any other directory of your choosing.

     2. Transport the datafiles to a temporary location on the destination host (for example, /tmp or C:\TEMP). During conversion, you can move the converted datafiles to the location of the existing datafiles of the destination database.

   Tip:

   If both the source and destination are file systems, you can transport using:

   • Any facility for copying flat files (for example, an operating system copy utility or ftp)

   • The DBMS_FILE_TRANSFER package

   • RMAN

   • Any facility for publishing on CDs

   If either the source or destination is an Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) disk group, you can use:

   • ftp to or from the /sys/asm virtual folder in the XML DB repository

     See Oracle Automatic Storage Management Administrator's Guide for more information.

   • The DBMS_FILE_TRANSFER package

   • RMAN

   Caution:

   Exercise caution when using the UNIX dd utility to copy raw-device files between databases. The dd utility can be used to copy an entire source raw-device file, or it can be invoked with options that instruct it to copy only a specific range of blocks from the source raw-device file.

   It is difficult to ascertain actual datafile size for a raw-device file because of hidden control information that is stored as part of the datafile. Thus, it is advisable when using the dd utility to specify copying the entire source raw-device file contents.

2. If you are transporting the tablespace set to a platform with endianness that is different from the source platform, and you have not yet converted the tablespace set, do so now with RMAN.

   The following example places the converted datafiles into C:\app\orauser\oradata\orawin\, which is the location of the existing datafiles for the destination database:

   C:\>RMAN TARGET /
    
   Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.0.1 
    
   Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
   
   connected to target database: ORAWIN (DBID=3462152886)
   
   RMAN> CONVERT DATAFILE 
   2>'C:\Temp\sales_101.dbf',
   3>'C:\Temp\sales_201.dbf'
   4>TO PLATFORM="Microsoft Windows IA (32-bit)"
   5>FROM PLATFORM="Solaris[tm] OE (32-bit)"
   6>DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=
   7>'C:\Temp\', 'C:\app\orauser\oradata\orawin\'
   8> PARALLELISM=4;
   

   You identify the datafiles by filename, not by tablespace name. Until the tablespace metadata is imported, the destination instance has no way of knowing the desired tablespace names.

   If the source location, the target location, or both do not use Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM), then the source and target platforms are optional. RMAN determines the source platform by examining the datafile, and the target platform defaults to the platform of the host running the conversion.

   If both the source and target locations use Oracle ASM, then you must specify the source and target platforms in the DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT clause.

Task 5: (Optional) Restore Tablespaces to Read/Write Mode

Make the transported tablespaces read/write again at the source database, as follows:

ALTER TABLESPACE sales_1 READ WRITE;
ALTER TABLESPACE sales_2 READ WRITE;

You can postpone this task to first ensure that the import process succeeds.

Task 6: Import the Tablespace Set

Any privileged user can perform this task. To import a tablespace set, complete the following steps:

1. Import the tablespace metadata using the Data Pump Import utility, impdp:

   impdp system dumpfile=expdat.dmp directory=data_pump_dir
      transport_datafiles=
      c:\app\orauser\oradata\orawin\sales_101.dbf,
      c:\app\orauser\oradata\orawin\sales_201.dbf
      remap_schema=sales1:crm1  remap_schema=sales2:crm2
      logfile=tts_import.log
   
   Password: password
   

   In this example we specify the following:

   • The DUMPFILE parameter specifies the exported file containing the metadata for the tablespaces to be imported.

   • The DIRECTORY parameter specifies the directory object that identifies the location of the dump file.

   • The TRANSPORT_DATAFILES parameter identifies all of the datafiles containing the tablespaces to be imported.

   • The REMAP_SCHEMA parameter changes the ownership of database objects. If you do not specify REMAP_SCHEMA, all database objects (such as tables and indexes) are created in the same user schema as in the source database, and those users must already exist in the destination database. If they do not exist, then the import utility returns an error. In this example, objects in the tablespace set owned by sales1 in the source database will be owned by crm1 in the destination database after the tablespace set is imported. Similarly, objects owned by sales2 in the source database will be owned by crm2 in the destination database. In this case, the destination database is not required to have users sales1 and sales2, but must have users crm1 and crm2.

   • The LOGFILE parameter specifies the file name of the log file to be written by the import utility. The log file is written to the directory from which the dump file is read.

   After this statement executes successfully, all tablespaces in the set being copied remain in read-only mode. Check the import log file to ensure that no error has occurred.

   When dealing with a large number of datafiles, specifying the list of datafile names in the statement line can be a laborious process. It can even exceed the statement line limit. In this situation, you can use an import parameter file. For example, you can invoke the Data Pump import utility as follows:

   impdp system parfile='par.f'
   

   where the parameter file, par.f contains the following:

   DUMPFILE=expdat.dmp 
   DIRECTORY=data_pump_dir
   TRANSPORT_DATAFILES=
   C:\app\orauser\oradata\orawin\sales_101.dbf,
   C:\app\orauser\oradata\orawin\sales_201.dbf
   REMAP_SCHEMA=sales1:crm1  REMAP_SCHEMA=sales2:crm2
   LOGFILE=tts_import.log
   

   See Also:

   Oracle Database Utilities for information about using the import utility

2. If required, put the tablespaces into read/write mode on the destination database.

Transporting and Attaching Partitions for Data Warehousing

Typical enterprise data warehouses contain one or more large fact tables. These fact tables can be partitioned by date, making the enterprise data warehouse a historical database. You can build indexes to speed up star queries. Oracle recommends that you build local indexes for such historically partitioned tables to avoid rebuilding global indexes every time you drop the oldest partition from the historical database.

Suppose every month you would like to load one month of data into the data warehouse. There is a large fact table in the data warehouse called sales, which has the following columns:

CREATE TABLE sales (invoice_no NUMBER,
   sale_year  INT NOT NULL,
   sale_month INT NOT NULL,
   sale_day   INT NOT NULL)
   PARTITION BY RANGE (sale_year, sale_month, sale_day)
     (partition jan98 VALUES LESS THAN (1998, 2, 1),
      partition feb98 VALUES LESS THAN (1998, 3, 1),
      partition mar98 VALUES LESS THAN (1998, 4, 1),
      partition apr98 VALUES LESS THAN (1998, 5, 1),
      partition may98 VALUES LESS THAN (1998, 6, 1),
      partition jun98 VALUES LESS THAN (1998, 7, 1));

You create a local non-prefixed index:

CREATE INDEX sales_index ON sales(invoice_no) LOCAL;

Initially, all partitions are empty, and are in the same default tablespace. Each month, you want to create one partition and attach it to the partitioned sales table.

Suppose it is July 1998, and you would like to load the July sales data into the partitioned table. In a staging database, you create a new tablespace, ts_jul. You also create a table, jul_sales, in that tablespace with the same column types as the sales table. You can create the table jul_sales using the CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT statement. After creating and populating jul_sales, you can also create an index, jul_sale_index, for the table, indexing the same column as the local index in the sales table. After building the index, transport the tablespace ts_jul to the data warehouse.

In the data warehouse, add a partition to the sales table for the July sales data. This also creates another partition for the local non-prefixed index:

ALTER TABLE sales ADD PARTITION jul98 VALUES LESS THAN (1998, 8, 1);

Attach the transported table jul_sales to the table sales by exchanging it with the new partition:

ALTER TABLE sales EXCHANGE PARTITION jul98 WITH TABLE jul_sales 
   INCLUDING INDEXES
   WITHOUT VALIDATION;

This statement places the July sales data into the new partition jul98, attaching the new data to the partitioned table. This statement also converts the index jul_sale_index into a partition of the local index for the sales table. This statement should return immediately, because it only operates on the structural information and it simply switches database pointers. If you know that the data in the new partition does not overlap with data in previous partitions, you are advised to specify the WITHOUT VALIDATION clause. Otherwise, the statement goes through all the new data in the new partition in an attempt to validate the range of that partition.

If all partitions of the sales table came from the same staging database (the staging database is never destroyed), the exchange statement always succeeds. In general, however, if data in a partitioned table comes from different databases, the exchange operation might fail. For example, if the jan98 partition of sales did not come from the same staging database, the preceding exchange operation can fail, returning the following error:

ORA-19728: data object number conflict between table JUL_SALES and partition JAN98 in table SALES

To resolve this conflict, move the offending partition by issuing the following statement:

ALTER TABLE sales MOVE PARTITION jan98;

Then retry the exchange operation.

After the exchange succeeds, you can safely drop jul_sales and jul_sale_index (both are now empty). Thus you have successfully loaded the July sales data into your data warehouse.

Publishing Structured Data on CDs

Transportable tablespaces provide a way to publish structured data on CDs. A data provider can load a tablespace with data to be published, generate the transportable set, and copy the transportable set to a CD. This CD can then be distributed.

When customers receive this CD, they can add the CD contents to an existing database without having to copy the datafiles from the CD to disk storage. For example, suppose on a Windows NT system D: drive is the CD drive. You can import a transportable set with datafile catalog.f and export file expdat.dmp as follows:

IMPDP system/password DUMPFILE=expdat.dmp DIRECTORY=dpump_dir
   TRANSPORT_DATAFILES='D:\catalog.f'  

You can remove the CD while the database is still up. Subsequent queries to the tablespace return an error indicating that the database cannot open the datafiles on the CD. However, operations to other parts of the database are not affected. Placing the CD back into the drive makes the tablespace readable again.

Removing the CD is the same as removing the datafiles of a read-only tablespace. If you shut down and restart the database, the database indicates that it cannot find the removed datafile and does not open the database (unless you set the initialization parameter READ_ONLY_OPEN_DELAYED to TRUE). When READ_ONLY_OPEN_DELAYED is set to TRUE, the database reads the file only when someone queries the transported tablespace. Thus, when transporting a tablespace from a CD, you should always set the READ_ONLY_OPEN_DELAYED initialization parameter to TRUE, unless the CD is permanently attached to the database.

Mounting the Same Tablespace Read-Only on Multiple Databases

You can use transportable tablespaces to mount a tablespace read-only on multiple databases. In this way, separate databases can share the same data on disk instead of duplicating data on separate disks. The tablespace datafiles must be accessible by all databases. To avoid database corruption, the tablespace must remain read-only in all the databases mounting the tablespace.

The following are two scenarios for mounting the same tablespace read-only on multiple databases:

• The tablespace originates in a database that is separate from the databases that will share the tablespace.

  You generate a transportable set in the source database, put the transportable set onto a disk that is accessible to all databases, and then import the metadata into each database on which you want to mount the tablespace.

• The tablespace already belongs to one of the databases that will share the tablespace.

  It is assumed that the datafiles are already on a shared disk. In the database where the tablespace already exists, you make the tablespace read-only, generate the transportable set, and then import the tablespace into the other databases, leaving the datafiles in the same location on the shared disk.

You can make a disk accessible by multiple computers in several ways. You can use either a cluster file system or raw disk. You can also use network file system (NFS), but be aware that if a user queries the shared tablespace while NFS is down, the database will hang until the NFS operation times out.

Later, you can drop the read-only tablespace in some of the databases. Doing so does not modify the datafiles for the tablespace. Thus, the drop operation does not corrupt the tablespace. Do not make the tablespace read/write unless only one database is mounting the tablespace.

Archiving Historical Data Using Transportable Tablespaces

Since a transportable tablespace set is a self-contained set of files that can be imported into any Oracle Database, you can archive old/historical data in an enterprise data warehouse using the transportable tablespace procedures described in this chapter.

Using Transportable Tablespaces to Perform TSPITR

You can use transportable tablespaces to perform tablespace point-in-time recovery (TSPITR).