This appendix contains a table of the SQLSTATE codes and the conditions and errors associated with them.
| Code | Condition | Oracle Error |
|---|---|---|
|
00000 |
successful completion |
ORA-00000 |
|
01000 |
warning |
|
|
01001 |
cursor operation conflict |
|
|
01002 |
disconnect error |
|
|
01003 |
null value eliminated in set function |
|
|
01004 |
string data - right truncation |
|
|
01005 |
insufficient item descriptor areas |
|
|
01006 |
privilege not revoked |
|
|
01007 |
privilege not granted |
|
|
01008 |
implicit zero-bit padding |
|
|
01009 |
search condition too long for info schema |
|
|
0100A |
query expression too long for info schema |
|
|
02000 |
no data |
ORA-01095 ORA-01403 |
|
07000 |
dynamic SQL error |
|
|
07001 |
using clause does not match parameter specs |
|
|
07002 |
using clause does not match target specs |
|
|
07003 |
cursor specification cannot be executed |
|
|
07004 |
using clause required for dynamic parameters |
|
|
07005 |
prepared statement not a cursor specification |
|
|
07006 |
restricted datatype attribute violation |
|
|
07007 |
using clause required for result fields |
|
|
07008 |
invalid descriptor count |
SQL-02126 |
|
07009 |
invalid descriptor index |
|
|
08000 |
connection exception |
|
|
08001 |
SQL client unable to establish SQL connection |
|
|
08002 |
connection name in use |
|
|
08003 |
connection does not exist |
SQL-02121 |
|
08004 |
SQL server rejected SQL connection |
|
|
08006 |
connection failure |
|
|
08007 |
transaction resolution unknown |
|
|
0A000 |
feature not supported |
ORA-03000 .. 03099 |
|
0A001 |
multiple server transactions |
|
|
21000 |
cardinality violation |
ORA-01427 SQL-02112 |
|
22000 |
data exception |
|
|
22001 |
string data - right truncation |
ORA-01401 ORA-01406 |
|
22002 |
null value - no indicator parameter |
ORA-01405 SQL-02124 |
|
22003 |
numeric value out of range |
ORA-01426 ORA-01438 ORA-01455 ORA-01457 |
|
22005 |
error in assignment |
|
|
22007 |
invalid date-time format |
|
|
22008 |
date-time field overflow |
ORA-01800 .. 01899 |
|
22009 |
invalid time zone displacement value |
|
|
22011 |
substring error |
|
|
22012 |
division by zero |
ORA-01476 |
|
22015 |
interval field overflow |
|
|
22018 |
invalid character value for cast |
|
|
22019 |
invalid escape character |
ORA-00911 ORA-01425 |
|
22021 |
character not in repertoire |
|
|
22022 |
indicator overflow |
ORA-01411 |
|
22023 |
invalid parameter value |
ORA-01025 ORA-01488 ORA-04000 .. 04019 |
|
22024 |
unterminated C string |
ORA-01479 .. 01480 |
|
22025 |
invalid escape sequence |
ORA-01424 |
|
22026 |
string data - length mismatch |
|
|
22027 |
trim error |
|
|
23000 |
integrity constraint violation |
ORA-00001 ORA-02290 .. 02299 |
|
24000 |
invalid cursor state |
ORA-01001 .. 01003 ORA-01410 ORA-08006 SQL-02114 SQL-02117 SQL-02118 SQL-02122 |
|
25000 |
invalid transaction state |
|
|
26000 |
invalid SQL statement name |
|
|
27000 |
triggered data change violation |
|
|
28000 |
invalid authorization specification |
|
|
2A000 |
direct SQL syntax error or access rule violation |
|
|
2B000 |
dependent privilege descriptors still exist |
|
|
2C000 |
invalid character set name |
|
|
2D000 |
invalid transaction termination |
|
|
2E000 |
invalid connection name |
|
|
33000 |
invalid SQL descriptor name |
|
|
34000 |
invalid cursor name |
|
|
35000 |
invalid condition number |
|
|
37000 |
dynamic SQL syntax error or access rule violation |
|
|
3C000 |
ambiguous cursor name |
|
|
3D000 |
invalid catalog name |
|
|
3F000 |
invalid schema name |
|
|
40000 |
transaction rollback |
ORA-02091 .. 02092 |
|
40001 |
serialization failure |
|
|
40002 |
integrity constraint violation |
|
|
40003 |
statement completion unknown |
|
|
42000 |
syntax error or access rule violation |
ORA-00022 ORA-00251 ORA-00900 .. 00999 ORA-01031 ORA-01490 .. 01493 ORA-01700 .. 01799 ORA-01900 .. 02099 ORA-02140 .. 02289 ORA-02420 .. 02424 ORA-02450 .. 02499 ORA-03276 .. 03299 ORA-04040 .. 04059 ORA-04070 .. 04099 |
|
44000 |
with check option violation |
ORA-01402 |
|
60000 |
system errors |
ORA-00370 .. 00429 ORA-00600 .. 00899 ORA-06430 .. 06449 ORA-07200 .. 07999 ORA-09700 .. 09999 |
|
61000 |
resource error |
ORA-00018 .. 00035 ORA-00050 .. 00068 ORA-02376 .. 02399 ORA-04020 .. 04039 |
|
62000 |
path name server and detached process errors |
ORA-00100 .. 00120 ORA-00440 .. 00569 |
|
63000 |
Oracle*XA and two-task interface errors |
ORA-00150 .. 00159 SQL-02128 ORA-02700 .. 02899 ORA-03100 .. 03199 ORA-06200 .. 06249 |
|
64000 |
control file, database file, and redo file errors; archival and media recovery errors |
ORA-00200 .. 00369 ORA-01100 .. 01250 |
|
65000 |
PL/SQL errors |
ORA-06500 .. 06599 |
|
66000 |
SQL*Net driver errors |
ORA-06000 .. 06149 ORA-06250 .. 06429 ORA-06600 .. 06999 ORA-12100 .. 12299 ORA-12500 .. 12599 |
|
67000 |
licensing errors |
ORA-00430 .. 00439 |
|
69000 |
SQL*Connect errors |
ORA-00570 .. 00599 ORA-07000 .. 07199 |
|
72000 |
SQL execute phase errors |
ORA-01000 .. 01099 ORA-01400 .. 01489 ORA-01495 .. 01499 ORA-01500 .. 01699 ORA-02400 .. 02419 ORA-02425 .. 02449 ORA-04060 .. 04069 ORA-08000 .. 08190 ORA-12000 .. 12019 ORA-12300 .. 12499 ORA-12700 .. 21999 |
|
82100 |
out of memory (could not allocate) |
SQL-02100 |
|
82101 |
inconsistent cursor cache: unit cursor/global cursor mismatch |
SQL-02101 |
|
82102 |
inconsistent cursor cache: no global cursor entry |
SQL-02102 |
|
82103 |
inconsistent cursor cache: out of range cursor cache reference |
SQL-02103 |
|
82104 |
inconsistent host cache: no cursor cache available |
SQL-02104 |
|
82105 |
inconsistent cursor cache: global cursor not found |
SQL-02105 |
|
82106 |
inconsistent cursor cache: invalid Oracle cursor number |
SQL-02106 |
|
82107 |
program too old for runtime library |
SQL-02107 |
|
82108 |
invalid descriptor passed to runtime library |
SQL-02108 |
|
82109 |
inconsistent host cache: host reference is out of range |
SQL-02109 |
|
82110 |
inconsistent host cache: invalid host cache entry type |
SQL-02110 |
|
82111 |
heap consistency error |
SQL-02111 |
|
82112 |
unable to open message file |
SQL-02113 |
|
82113 |
code generation internal consistency failed |
SQL-02115 |
|
82114 |
reentrant code generator gave invalid context |
SQL-02116 |
|
82115 |
invalid hstdef argument |
SQL-02119 |
|
82116 |
first and second arguments to sqlrcn both null |
SQL-02120 |
|
82117 |
invalid OPEN or PREPARE for this connection |
SQL-02122 |
|
82118 |
application context not found |
SQL-02123 |
|
82119 |
connect error; can't get error text |
SQL-02125 |
|
82120 |
precompiler/SQLLIB version mismatch. |
SQL-02127 |
|
82121 |
FETCHed number of bytes is odd |
SQL-02129 |
|
82122 |
EXEC TOOLS interface is not available |
SQL-02130 |
|
90000 |
debug events |
ORA-10000 .. 10999 |
|
99999 |
catch all |
all others |
|
HZ000 |
remote database access |
|
This chapter provides information about using SQL*Module host applications written in Ada. This chapter also includes sample programs that demonstrate how you can use SQL*Module with an Ada application.
Topics covered are:
You must use the datatypes defined in the supplied SQL_STANDARD package. The SQL_STANDARD package defines the packages, Ada bindings to the SQL datatypes, and the subtypes that are used for SQL*Module with Ada. You must compile the supplied SQL_STANDARD package into your Ada library, and with this package in each program unit that calls procedures generated from Module Language source, or that calls interface procedures.
The SQL_STANDARD package is system specific. See your system-specific Oracle documentation for the location of this file on your system.
The Module Language sample programs are based on an example database for a small college. This section demonstrates the tables that are used in the application, and a module that contains cursors and procedures that query and update the tables.
The database contains tables that maintain records about
students
courses
classes (instances of courses)
enrollment in classes
instructors
departments
The SQL statements are used to create the tables used in the demonstration application. You can create the sample database, and fill it with some preliminary data, by using SQL*Plus or SQL*DBA to execute these scripts.
These scripts, and all other sample code files, are shipped with SQL*Module. They are in the demo directory on your system.
The tables and sequence number generators are created by the MKTABLES.SQL script. At the end of this script, five other scripts are called to partially populate the tables. These five scripts are listed following MKTABLES.SQL.
REM Create all tables for the sample college database application.
REM Drop existing tables
REM Remove REMs next 6 lines when running under SQL*Plus
REM CLEAR SCREEN
REM Prompt WARNING!! About to re-create the SQL*Module example tables.
REM Prompt All previously entered data will be lost.
REM Prompt If you really want to do this, type ENTER or Return.
REM Prompt Else, type your CANCEL (INTR) character to exit
REM Pause this script now.
REM Prompt Dropping tables...
DROP TABLE students CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
DROP TABLE instructors CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
DROP TABLE courses CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
DROP TABLE classes CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
DROP TABLE enrollment CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
DROP TABLE departments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
DROP SEQUENCE student_id_seq;
DROP SEQUENCE instructor_id_seq;
DROP SEQUENCE class_number_seq;
DROP SEQUENCE enrollment_seq;
CREATE SEQUENCE student_id_seq START WITH 1000;
CREATE SEQUENCE instructor_id_seq START WITH 100000;
CREATE SEQUENCE class_number_seq START WITH 100;
CREATE SEQUENCE enrollment_seq START WITH 100;
REM Prompt Creating tables...
CREATE TABLE departments (name VARCHAR2(16) NOT NULL,
id NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY,
location NUMBER(4),
chairperson NUMBER(6),
budget NUMBER(9,2)
);
CREATE TABLE instructors (last_name VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
first_name VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
mi VARCHAR2(3),
id NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY,
hire_date DATE,
dept NUMBER(6)
NOT NULL REFERENCES departments(id),
salary NUMBER(9,2),
rank VARCHAR2(20)
);
CREATE TABLE students (last_name VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
first_name VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
mi VARCHAR2(3),
id NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY,
status VARCHAR2(5) NOT NULL,
date_of_birth DATE,
matric_date DATE,
grad_date DATE,
major NUMBER(6)
REFERENCES departments(id),
advisor_id NUMBER(6)
REFERENCES instructors(id)
);
CREATE TABLE courses (dept NUMBER(6)
NOT NULL REFERENCES departments(id),
id NUMBER(6),
name VARCHAR2(38) NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE classes (class_number NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY,
course_number NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
dept NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
max_enrollment NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
building_number NUMBER(4),
room_number NUMBER(5),
instructor NUMBER(6),
quarter NUMBER(1),
year NUMBER(4)
);
CREATE TABLE enrollment (e_sn NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY,
class_no NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
student_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
grade NUMBER(3,2),
comments VARCHAR2(255)
);
REM Prompt INSERTing sample data in tables...
@@departmt.sql
@@instrucs.sql
@@students.sql
@@courses.sql
@@enrolmnt.sql
DELETE FROM departments;
INSERT INTO departments VALUES ('BIOLOGY', 100, 2510, null,100000);
INSERT INTO departments VALUES ('CHEMISTRY', 110, 2510, null, 50000);
INSERT INTO departments VALUES ('COMPUTER SCIENCE', 120, 2530, null, 110000);
INSERT INTO departments VALUES ('ELECTRIC. ENG.', 130, 2530, null, 145000);
INSERT INTO departments VALUES ('FINE ARTS', 140, 2520, null, 10000);
INSERT INTO departments VALUES ('HISTORY', 150, 2520, null, 20000);
INSERT INTO departments VALUES ('MATHEMATICS', 160, 2580, null, 5000);
INSERT INTO departments VALUES ('MECH. ENG.', 170, 2520, null, 100000);
INSERT INTO departments VALUES ('PHYSICS', 180, 2560, null, 300000);
DELETE FROM instructors;
REM Add some faculty to the college
INSERT INTO instructors VALUES ('Webster', 'Milo', 'B', 9000,
'01-SEP-49', 140, 40000, 'PROFESSOR');
INSERT INTO instructors VALUES ('Crown', 'Edgar', 'G', 9001,
'03-SEP-70', 150, 35000, 'PROFESSOR');
INSERT INTO instructors VALUES ('Golighty', 'Claire', 'M', 9002,
'24-AUG-82', 120, 33000, 'ASSISTANT PROFESSOR');
INSERT INTO instructors VALUES ('Winterby', 'Hugh', '', 9003,
'10-SEP-82', 120, 43000, 'PROFESSOR');
INSERT INTO instructors VALUES ('Whipplethorpe', 'Francis', 'X',
9004, '01-SEP-78', 170, 50000, 'PROFESSOR');
INSERT INTO instructors VALUES ('Shillingsworth', 'Susan', 'G',
9005, '22-AUG-87', 160, 65000, 'PROFESSOR');
INSERT INTO instructors VALUES ('Herringbone', 'Leo', 'R', 9006,
'02-JAN-81', 110, 40000, 'ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR');
INSERT INTO instructors VALUES ('Willowbough', 'George', 'T',
9007, '04-SEP-86', 180, 37000, 'ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR');
INSERT INTO instructors VALUES ('Higham', 'Earnest', 'V', 9008,
'10-JUN-76', 100, 55000, 'PROFESSOR');
DELETE FROM students;
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Brahms', 'Susan', 'F',
student_id_seq.nextval, 'FT', '10-JUN-75', sysdate, null, null, null);
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Hiroki', 'Minoru', '',
student_id_seq.nextval, 'FT', '12-AUG-71', sysdate, null, null, null);
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Hillyard', 'James', 'T',
student_id_seq.nextval, 'FT', '11-SEP-74', sysdate, null, null, null);
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Kaplan', 'David', 'J',
student_id_seq.nextval, 'FT', '02-MAR-74', sysdate, null, null, null);
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Jones', 'Roland', 'M',
student_id_seq.nextval, 'FT', '23-JAN-75', sysdate, null, null, null);
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Rubin', 'Naomi', 'R',
student_id_seq.nextval, 'PT', '23-FEB-54', sysdate, null, null, null);
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Gryphon', 'Melissa', 'E',
student_id_seq.nextval, 'FT', '08-JUL-75', sysdate, null, null, null);
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Chen', 'Michael', 'T',
student_id_seq.nextval, 'FT', '22-OCT-72', sysdate, null, null, null);
DELETE FROM courses;
REM Add a few courses for demo purposes
-- HISTORY
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (150, 101,
'INTRODUCTION TO VENUSIAN CIVILIZATION');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (150, 236,
'EARLY MEDIEVAL HISTORIOGRAPHY');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (150, 237,
'MIDDLE MEDIEVAL HISTORIOGRAPHY');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (150, 238,
'LATE MEDIEVAL HISTORIOGRAPHY');
-- MATHEMATICS
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (160, 101, 'ANALYSIS I');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (160, 102, 'ANALYSIS II');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (160, 523, 'ADVANCED NUMBER THEORY');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (160, 352, 'TOPOLOGY I');
-- COMPUTER SCIENCE
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (120, 210, 'COMPUTER NETWORKS I');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (120, 182, 'OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (120, 141, 'INTRODUCTION TO Ada');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (120, 140, 'ADVANCED 7090 ASSEMBLER');
REM Create some classes and enroll some students in
REM them, to test the procedures that access
REM the ENROLLMENT table.
DELETE FROM classes;
REM Department 150 is HISTORY
INSERT INTO classes VALUES (900, 101, 150, 300, 2520, 100, 9001, 1, 1990);
INSERT INTO classes VALUES (901, 236, 150, 20, 2520, 111, 9001, 3, 1990);
INSERT INTO classes VALUES (902, 237, 150, 15, 2520, 111, 9001, 4, 1990);
INSERT INTO classes VALUES (903, 238, 150, 10, 2520, 111, 9001, 1, 1991);
REM Department 120 is COMPUTER SCIENCE
INSERT INTO classes VALUES (910, 210, 120, 60, 2530, 34, 9003, 1, 1990);
INSERT INTO classes VALUES (911, 182, 120, 120, 2530, 440, 9003, 1, 1991);
INSERT INTO classes VALUES (912, 141, 120, 60, 2530, 334, 9003, 2, 1990);
INSERT INTO classes VALUES (913, 140, 120, 300, 2530, 112, 9003, 1, 1989);
REM Now enroll Susan and Michael in some courses.
DELETE FROM enrollment
WHERE student_id =
(SELECT id FROM students
WHERE first_name = 'Susan'
AND last_name = 'Brahms');
DELETE FROM enrollment
WHERE student_id =
(SELECT id FROM students
WHERE first_name = 'Michael'
AND last_name = 'Chen');
INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (enrollment_seq.nextval,
900, 1000, 3.0, 'Good');
INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (enrollment_seq.nextval,
901, 1000, 3.5, 'Very Good');
INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (enrollment_seq.nextval,
902, 1000, 4.0, 'Excellent');
INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (enrollment_seq.nextval,
903, 1000, 2.0, 'Fair');
INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (enrollment_seq.nextval,
910, 1007, 3.0, ' ');
INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (enrollment_seq.nextval,
911, 1007, 3.0, ' ');
INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (enrollment_seq.nextval,
912, 1007, 4.0, ' ');
INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (enrollment_seq.nextval,
913, 1007, 2.0, ' ');
-- SQL*Module demonstration module.
-- Contains procedures to maintain the college database.
-- PREAMBLE
MODULE demomod
LANGUAGE Ada
AUTHORIZATION modtest
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------- STUDENTS TABLE-------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
-- The following cursors and procedures access the STUDENTS table
-- or the STUDENT_ID_SEQ sequence number generator.
-- Declare a cursor to select all students
-- in the college.
DECLARE GET_STUDENTS_CURS CURSOR FOR
SELECT last_name, first_name, mi, id, status,
major, advisor_id
FROM students
-- Define procedures to open and close this cursor.
PROCEDURE open_get_students_curs (
SQLCODE);
OPEN GET_STUDENTS_CURS;
PROCEDURE close_get_students_curs (
SQLCODE);
CLOSE GET_STUDENTS_CURS;
-- Define a procedure to fetch using the
-- get_students_curs cursor.
PROCEDURE get_all_students (
:lname CHAR(15),
:fname CHAR(15),
:mi CHAR(3),
:mi_ind SMALLINT,
:id INTEGER,
:status CHAR(5),
:major INTEGER,
:major_ind SMALLINT, -- indicator for major
:adv INTEGER,
:adv_ind SMALLINT, -- indicator for advisor
SQLCODE);
FETCH get_students_curs
INTO :lname, :fname, :mi INDICATOR :mi_ind,
:id, :status, :major INDICATOR :major_ind,
:adv INDICATOR :adv_ind;
-- Add a new student
-- to the database. Some of the columns in the
-- table are entered as null in this procedure.
-- The UPDATE_STUDENT procedure is used to fill
-- them in later.
PROCEDURE add_student (
:last_name CHARACTER(15),
:first_name CHARACTER(15),
:mi CHARACTER(3),
:mi_ind SMALLINT,
:sid INTEGER,
:status CHARACTER(5),
:date_of_birth CHARACTER(9),
:dob_ind SMALLINT,
SQLCODE);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (
:last_name,
:first_name,
:mi :mi_ind,
:sid,
:status,
:date_of_birth :dob_ind,
sysdate, -- use today's date
-- for start date
null, -- no graduation date yet
null, -- no declared major yet
null -- no advisor yet
);
-- Update a student's record to add or change
-- status, major subject, advisor, and graduation date.
PROCEDURE update_student (
:sid INTEGER, -- student's id number
:major INTEGER, -- dept number of major
:major_ind SMALLINT, -- indicator for major
:advisor INTEGER, -- advisor's ID number
:advisor_ind SMALLINT,
:grd_date CHARACTER(9),
:grad_date_ind SMALLINT,
SQLCODE);
UPDATE students SET
grad_date = :grd_date INDICATOR :grad_date_ind,
major = :major INDICATOR :major_ind,
advisor_id = :advisor INDICATOR :advisor_ind
WHERE id = :sid;
PROCEDURE delete_student (
:sid INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
DELETE FROM students
WHERE id = :sid;
-- Get an ID number for a new student
-- using the student_id sequence generator. This
-- is done so that the ID number can be returned
-- to the add_student routine that calls
-- ENROLL.
PROCEDURE get_new_student_id (
:new_id INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
SELECT student_id_seq.nextval
INTO :new_id
FROM dual;
-- Return the name
-- of a student, given the ID number.
PROCEDURE get_student_name_from_id (
:sid INTEGER,
:lname CHAR(15),
:fname CHAR(15),
:mi CHAR(3),
SQLCODE);
SELECT last_name, first_name, mi
INTO :lname, :fname, :mi
FROM students
WHERE id = :sid;
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------- INSTRUCTORS TABLE ---------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Define a procedure to return an instructor's last
-- name, given the ID number.
PROCEDURE get_instructor_name_from_id (
:iid INTEGER,
:lname CHAR(15),
:fname CHAR(15),
:imi CHAR(3),
:mi_ind SMALLINT,
SQLCODE);
SELECT last_name, first_name, mi
INTO :lname, :fname, :imi INDICATOR :mi_ind
FROM instructors
WHERE id = :iid;
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------- DEPARTMENTS TABLE ---------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Define procedure to return the name of a department
-- given its ID number.
PROCEDURE get_department_name_from_id (
:did INTEGER,
:dept_name CHARACTER(16),
SQLCODE);
SELECT name
INTO :dept_name
FROM departments
WHERE id = :did;
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------- COURSES TABLE -------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
-- (none defined yet)
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------- CLASSES TABLE -------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Add a class to the classes table.
PROCEDURE add_class (
:class_no INTEGER,
:dept_no INTEGER,
:course_no INTEGER,
:max_students INTEGER,
:instr_id INTEGER,
:quarter INTEGER,
:year INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
INSERT INTO classes VALUES (
:class_no,
:course_no,
:dept_no,
:max_students,
null, -- building number and
null, -- room not yet assigned
:instr_id,
:quarter,
:year
);
-- Drop a class.
PROCEDURE delete_class (
:class_no INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
DELETE FROM classes
WHERE class_number = :class_no;
-- Get an ID number for a new class.
-- A class is an instance of a course.
-- Use the class_number_seq sequence generator.
PROCEDURE get_new_class_id (
:new_id INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
SELECT class_number_seq.nextval
INTO :new_id
FROM dual;
------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------- ENROLLMENT TABLE -------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Declare a cursor to return information about all
-- classes a given student has or is enrolled in his
-- or her college career.
-- In this college, letter grades are assigned
-- numbers, in the following format:
-- A 4.0
-- B+ 3.5
-- B 3.0
-- C+ 2.5
-- C 2.0
-- D 1.0
-- F 0.0
DECLARE get_enroll_curs CURSOR FOR
SELECT courses.name,
classes.instructor,
classes.year,
classes.quarter,
enrollment.grade,
enrollment.comments
FROM courses, classes, enrollment
WHERE courses.id = classes.course_number
AND classes.class_number = enrollment.class_no
AND enrollment.student_id = :sid
-- Define a procedure to open the GET_ENROLL_CURS cursor.
-- Note that this procedure requires an IN parameter to set
-- the student ID number (sid).
PROCEDURE open_get_enroll_curs (
:sid INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
OPEN GET_ENROLL_CURS;
-- CLOSE the get_enroll_curs cursor
PROCEDURE close_get_enroll_curs (
SQLCODE);
CLOSE get_enroll_curs;
-- FETCH from the courses, classes, and enrollment table
-- using the get_enroll_curs cursor
PROCEDURE get_enroll_by_student (
:course_name CHARACTER(38),
:instructor INTEGER,
:year INTEGER,
:quarter INTEGER,
:grade REAL,
:grade_ind SMALLINT,
:comments CHARACTER(255),
SQLCODE);
FETCH get_enroll_curs
INTO :course_name,
:instructor,
:year,
:quarter,
:grade INDICATOR :grade_ind,
:comments;
-- Enroll a student in a class.
PROCEDURE enroll_student_in_class (
:class_number INTEGER,
:sid INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (
enrollment_seq.nextval,
:class_number,
:sid,
null, -- no grade yet
' ' -- no comments yet
);
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------ UTILITY PROCEDURES ---------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Commit a transaction.
PROCEDURE do_commit(
SQLCODE);
COMMIT WORK;
-- Connect to a database
PROCEDURE do_connect (
:dbname CHARACTER(14),
:username CHARACTER(14),
:passwd CHARACTER(14),
SQLCODE);
CONNECT TO :dbname USER :username USING :passwd;
-- Disconnect
PROCEDURE do_disconnect (
SQLCODE);
DISCONNECT CURRENT;
-- Roll a transaction back.
PROCEDURE do_rollback (
SQLCODE);
ROLLBACK WORK;
The sample stored package defined can be used to demonstrate how to call a stored procedure from an Ada application. The package source is GPAPKG.SQL, and it is in your demo directory. See the program "DEMCALSP.A", written in the host language, that calls the GET_GPA_IF procedure in this package. Each of these host programs is also on-line, in your demo directory.
-- Create the specification for a package
-- that contains the GET_GPA stored procedure.
-- Use the WITH INTERFACE clause so that
-- the package procedure can be called from a 3GL.
-- Note that the procedure parameters have PL/SQL
-- datatypes, but in the WITH INTERFACE clause
-- SQL datatypes must be used, and they must be
-- constrained if required (for example, CHARACTER(15)).
-- The WITH INTERFACE clause enables you to
-- specify error-handling parameters, such as SQLSTATE,
-- as well as indicator parameters. These are filled
-- in as the procedure executes.
-- The calling host 3GL application calls the procedure
-- named in the WITH INTERFACE clause. This
-- would usually be given the same name as the procedure
-- in the body. Here it is given a different name, to
-- demonstrate that (1) you can do this, and (2) it is
-- the WITH INTERFACE clause name that gets
-- generated in the interface procedure as the procedure to call.
-- Note that this package will create
-- the package and procedure names in uppercase. So the
-- module compiler will generate interface procedures that have
-- the names
-- in uppercase, which means that you must call them using
-- upper case in your host program. If you prefer lowercase,
-- simply change the package and procedure names to be
-- quoted lowercase, for example:
--
-- CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE "gpa_pkg" AS ...
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE GPA_PKG AS
PROCEDURE GET_GPA(student_id IN NUMBER,
student_last_name IN OUT CHARACTER,
gpa OUT NUMBER)
WITH INTERFACE
PROCEDURE GET_GPA_IF
(student_id INTEGER,
student_last_name CHARACTER(15)
INDICATOR sname_ind,
sname_ind SMALLINT,
gpa REAL,
sqlstate CHARACTER(5),
sqlcode INTEGER);
END;
-- Create the package body. There is no need for
-- a WITH INTERFACE clause in the body.
-- The GET_GPA procedure computes the cumulative GPA
-- over all courses that the student has taken, and returns
-- the computed value. If the student has received no
-- grades yet, a null is returned (through the indicator
-- parameter).
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY GPA_PKG AS
PROCEDURE GET_GPA(student_id IN NUMBER,
student_last_name IN OUT CHARACTER,
gpa OUT NUMBER) IS
-- The cursor selects all the classes that
-- the student has enrolled in.
CURSOR get_enroll_curs(sid IN NUMBER) IS
SELECT enrollment.grade
FROM enrollment
WHERE enrollment.student_id = sid
AND enrollment.grade IS NOT NULL;
-- Declare local variables.
-- gpa_temp needed because gpa is an OUT parameter
n NUMBER := 0;
grade NUMBER;
gpa_temp NUMBER := 0;
BEGIN
gpa := 0.0;
-- Get the last name;
-- if not found, the no_data_found
-- predefined exception is raised.
SELECT last_name
INTO student_last_name
FROM students
WHERE id = student_id;
-- Otherwise, open the cursor and FETCH.
open get_enroll_curs(student_id);
loop
FETCH get_enroll_curs INTO grade;
exit when get_enroll_curs%notfound;
gpa_temp := gpa_temp + grade;
n := n + 1;
end loop;
close get_enroll_curs;
if n > 0 then
gpa := gpa_temp / n;
end if;
exception
-- The SQLCODE parameter in the WITH INTERFACE
-- parameter list will not be set to +100 because
-- the exception is handled here, but the indicator
-- variable will be set to -1 because of the null
-- assignment.
when no_data_found then
student_last_name := null;
end GET_GPA;
END;
This section contains sample applications that may aid development.
-- Module Language demonstration program for Ada.
-- For an explanation of the tables that are accessed
-- and the Module Language procedures that
-- are called in this program, see Sample Programs.
--
-- The module language code that contains the procedures called
-- by this program, and SQL scripts to create and populate
-- the tables used, are included in the source distribution.
--
with
-- The required SQL standard package.
sql_standard,
-- The module language procedures package.
demomod,
-- Other I/O packages...
text_io,
float_text_io,
integer_text_io;
use
-- use the standard I/O packages.
text_io,
sql_standard,
float_text_io,
integer_text_io;
procedure DEMOHOST is
-- instantiate new packages for I/O on SQL_STANDARD datatypes
package STD_INT_IO is
new text_io.integer_io(SQL_STANDARD.INT);
use STD_INT_IO;
package SQLCODE_IO is
new text_io.integer_io(SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE);
use SQLCODE_IO;
package STD_SMALLINT_IO is
new text_io.integer_io(SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT);
use STD_SMALLINT_IO;
package STD_FLOAT_IO is
new text_io.float_io(SQL_STANDARD.REAL);
use STD_FLOAT_IO;
-- declare main procedure variables and exceptions
-- handle command input
type COMMAND is
(AC, AS, DC, DS, ES, SE, SS, US, HELP, QUIT, BYE);
package COMMAND_IO is
new text_io.enumeration_io(COMMAND);
use COMMAND_IO;
COM_LINE : COMMAND;
-- make SQLCODE global since program structure allows this
SQLCODE : SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE;
ANSWER : string(1..4);
LENGTH : integer;
SERVICE_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..14);
USERNAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..14);
PASSWORD : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..14);
-- declare top-level exceptions
CONNECT_ERROR : exception;
SQLCODE_ERROR : exception;
-- define procedures
-- get a user command
procedure GET_COMMAND(CMD : out COMMAND) is
begin
loop
begin
new_line(2);
put("Select an option: ");
get(CMD);
return;
exception
when data_error =>
put_line
(ascii.bel & "Invalid option, try again.");
end;
end loop;
end GET_COMMAND;
procedure MENU is
begin
new_line(5);
put_line(" *** COLLEGE RECORDS ***");
new_line;
put_line("AC - add a class to curriculum");
put_line("AS - enroll a new student in the college");
put_line("DC - drop a class from curriculum");
put_line("DS - drop a student");
put_line("ES - enroll a student in a class");
put_line("SE - show compledmte enrollment records");
put_line("SS - show all students");
put_line("US - update a student's record");
put_line("HELP - redisplay this menu");
put_line("QUIT - quit program");
new_line(3);
end MENU;
-- Procedure to get an integer value from the user,
-- prompting first.
procedure GET_STANDARD_INT(PROMPT : string;
VALUE : out SQL_STANDARD.INT) is
begin
put(prompt);
get(integer(VALUE));
skip_line;
end GET_STANDARD_INT;
-- Get a text string from the user, prompting first.
-- The string is blank-padded.
procedure GET_STANDARD_TEXT(PROMPT : in string;
VALUE : out SQL_STANDARD.CHAR;
LENGTH : in out integer) is
OLD_LENGTH : integer;
begin
OLD_LENGTH := LENGTH;
put(PROMPT);
VALUE := (1..LENGTH => ' ');
get_line(string(VALUE), LENGTH);
if LENGTH = OLD_LENGTH then
skip_line;
end if;
end GET_STANDARD_TEXT;
-- The following procedures, all beginning with the prefix
-- "CALL_", are called from the main procedure,
-- and in turn call Module Language procedures, defined
-- in the DEMOMOD.mad file.
procedure CALL_ADD_CLASS is
CLASS_NUMBER : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
DEPARTMENT_NUMBER : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
COURSE_NUMBER : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
MAX_ENROLLMENT : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
INSTRUCTOR_ID : SQL_STANDARD.INT range
1000..SQL_STANDARD.INT'last;
QUARTER : SQL_STANDARD.INT range 1..4;
YEAR : SQL_STANDARD.INT range 1900..2100;
begin
new_line(2);
put_line("Add a new class to the schedule");
new_line(2);
DEMOMOD.GET_NEW_CLASS_ID(CLASS_NUMBER, SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
put("Cannot generate new class number. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line(" Call your database administrator.");
return;
else
put("New class number is ");
put(CLASS_NUMBER);
new_line;
end if;
loop
begin
new_line;
GET_STANDARD_INT
("Enter dept ID: ", DEPARTMENT_NUMBER);
GET_STANDARD_INT
("Enter course ID number: ", COURSE_NUMBER);
GET_STANDARD_INT
("maximum enrollment: ", MAX_ENROLLMENT);
GET_STANDARD_INT
("instructor ID number: ", INSTRUCTOR_ID);
GET_STANDARD_INT
("quarter (1=spring, 2=summer, ...: ", QUARTER);
GET_STANDARD_INT("year (4 digits please): ", YEAR);
DEMOMOD.ADD_CLASS(CLASS_NUMBER, COURSE_NUMBER,
DEPARTMENT_NUMBER, MAX_ENROLLMENT,
INSTRUCTOR_ID,
QUARTER, YEAR, SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
put("Error adding class. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
else
put_line("New class added.");
end if;
exit;
exception
when CONSTRAINT_ERROR =>
new_line;
put_line("Last input not valid. Try again.");
new_line;
end;
end loop;
end CALL_ADD_CLASS;
procedure CALL_ADD_STUDENT is
ERROR_COUNT : integer := 0;
SIZE : integer;
NEW_ID : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
MI_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT;
TEMP_STRING : string(1..80);
FIRST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..15);
LAST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..15);
MI : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..3);
DATE_OF_BIRTH : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..9);
DOB_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT;
STATUS : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..5);
LENGTH : integer;
begin
new_line(2);
put_line("Add a new student to the database.");
new_line(2);
DEMOMOD.GET_NEW_STUDENT_ID(NEW_ID, SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
put_line("Cannot generate ID number for student.");
put("CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Call your database administrator.");
return;
end if;
skip_line;
loop
begin
new_line;
LENGTH := 15;
GET_STANDARD_TEXT(" Last name: ", LAST_NAME,
LENGTH);
LENGTH := 15;
GET_STANDARD_TEXT(" First name: ", FIRST_NAME,
LENGTH);
LENGTH := 3;
GET_STANDARD_TEXT(" Middle initial: ", MI,
LENGTH);
if LENGTH = 0 then
MI_IND := -1;
else
MI_IND := 0;
end if;
LENGTH := 9;
GET_STANDARD_TEXT(" Date of birth (DD-MON-YY): ",
DATE_OF_BIRTH, LENGTH);
if LENGTH = 0 then
DOB_IND := -1;
else
DOB_IND := 0;
end if;
LENGTH := 5;
GET_STANDARD_TEXT(" Status (FT, PT, JYA, ...): ",
STATUS, LENGTH);
DEMOMOD.ADD_STUDENT(LAST_NAME,
FIRST_NAME,
MI, MI_IND,
NEW_ID,
STATUS,
DATE_OF_BIRTH,
DOB_IND,
SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put("Error adding student. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE, width => 5);
else
new_line;
put("Student added. ID number is");
put(NEW_ID, width => 6);
end if;
new_line(3);
return;
exception
when constraint_error =>
ERROR_COUNT := ERROR_COUNT + 1;
if ERROR_COUNT > 3 then
put_line
("Too many errors. Back to main program.");
exit;
end if;
put_line("Invalid value. Try again.");
when others =>
put_line("Data error or other error.");
exit;
end;
end loop;
end CALL_ADD_STUDENT;
procedure CALL_DROP_CLASS is
CLASS_NUMBER : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
begin
new_line(2);
put_line("Drop a class");
new_line(2);
GET_STANDARD_INT
(" Enter class ID number: ", CLASS_NUMBER);
DEMOMOD.DELETE_CLASS(CLASS_NUMBER, SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put("Error dropping the class. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Call your database administrator.");
else
put_line("Class dropped.");
end if;
end CALL_DROP_CLASS;
procedure CALL_DROP_STUDENT is
LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..15);
MI : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..3);
STUDENT_ID : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
ANSWER : string(1..12);
ALEN : integer;
begin
new_line(2);
put_line("Drop a student from the college.");
new_line(2);
GET_STANDARD_INT
(" Enter student ID number: ", STUDENT_ID);
DEMOMOD.GET_STUDENT_NAME_FROM_ID(STUDENT_ID,
LAST_NAME,
FIRST_NAME, MI,
SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put("Error getting student information. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Call your database administrator.");
return;
end if;
put_line("Student's name is--");
put_line(string(FIRST_NAME & MI & LAST_NAME));
put("Do you really want to do this? ");
get_line(ANSWER, ALEN);
if ANSWER(1) = 'Y' or ANSWER(1) = 'y' then
DEMOMOD.DELETE_STUDENT(STUDENT_ID, SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
put_line("Error dropping student. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
return;
else
put_line
(string(LAST_NAME) & " has been dropped!");
end if;
else
put_line("OK, student will not be dropped.");
end if;
end CALL_DROP_STUDENT;
procedure CALL_ENROLL_STUDENT is
CLASS_NUMBER, STUDENT_ID : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..15);
MI : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..3);
begin
new_line(2);
put_line("Enroll a student in a class.");
new_line(2);
GET_STANDARD_INT(" Enter student ID: ", STUDENT_ID);
GET_STANDARD_INT(" Enter class ID: ", CLASS_NUMBER);
DEMOMOD.GET_STUDENT_NAME_FROM_ID(STUDENT_ID,
LAST_NAME,
FIRST_NAME,
MI,
SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put_line("That student ID does not exist.");
put("CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Recheck and try again.");
else
put_line
(" The student's name is " & string(LAST_NAME));
put(" Enrolling...");
DEMOMOD.ENROLL_STUDENT_IN_CLASS(CLASS_NUMBER,
STUDENT_ID,
SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put("Error occurred enrolling student. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Check class ID number and try again.");
else
put_line("done");
end if;
end if;
end CALL_ENROLL_STUDENT;
procedure CALL_SHOW_ENROLLMENT is
COURSE_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..38);
INSTR_ID, SID, YEAR, QUARTER : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
GRADE, GPA : SQL_STANDARD.REAL;
GRADE_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT;
COMMENTS : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..255);
GRADE_COUNT, ROW_COUNT : integer;
begin
new_line(2);
put_line("Show enrollment in all courses for a student.");
new_line(2);
GET_STANDARD_INT
(" Enter student ID number (try 1000): ", SID);
DEMOMOD.OPEN_GET_ENROLL_CURS(SID, SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put("Error opening cursor. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Call your database administrator.");
else
GPA := 0.0;
GRADE_COUNT := 0;
ROW_COUNT := 0;
put("COURSE TITLE ");
put_line("INSTR ID YEAR QUARTER GRADE");
loop
DEMOMOD.GET_ENROLL_BY_STUDENT(COURSE_NAME,
INSTR_ID,
YEAR, QUARTER,
GRADE, GRADE_IND,
COMMENTS,
SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE = 100 then
exit;
elsif SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put_line("Error fetching data. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Call your database administrator.");
exit;
else
ROW_COUNT := ROW_COUNT + 1;
put(string(COURSE_NAME));
put(INSTR_ID, width => 6);
put(YEAR, width => 11);
put(QUARTER, width => 6);
if GRADE_IND >= 0 then
GRADE_COUNT := GRADE_COUNT + 1;
GPA := GPA + GRADE;
put(GRADE, fore => 7, aft => 2, exp => 0);
end if;
end if;
new_line;
end loop;
if GRADE_COUNT > 0 and SQLCODE = 100 then
new_line;
GPA := GPA / REAL(GRADE_COUNT);
put("Overall GPA is ");
put(GPA, fore => 1, aft => 2, exp => 0);
end if;
DEMOMOD.CLOSE_GET_ENROLL_CURS(SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put("Error closing cursor. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
end if;
end if;
end CALL_SHOW_ENROLLMENT;
procedure CALL_SHOW_STUDENTS is
LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..15);
MI : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..3);
INSTR_LAST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..15);
INSTR_FIRST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..15);
INSTR_MI : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..3);
MI_IND, INSTR_MI_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT;
SID, MAJOR, ADVISOR, INSTR : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
MAJOR_IND, ADVISOR_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT;
STATUS : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..5);
begin
new_line(2);
put_line(" ----- STUDENTS CURRENTLY ENROLLED -----");
new_line(2);
put("LAST NAME FIRST NAME MI ID NO STATUS");
put_line(" MAJOR ADVISOR");
DEMOMOD.OPEN_GET_STUDENTS_CURS(SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put("Error opening cursor. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Call your database administrator.");
return;
end if;
loop
DEMOMOD.GET_ALL_STUDENTS(LAST_NAME,
FIRST_NAME,
MI, MI_IND,
SID, STATUS,
MAJOR, MAJOR_IND,
ADVISOR, ADVISOR_IND,
SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE = 100 then
exit;
elsif SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put_line("Error fetching data. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Call your database administrator.");
exit;
else
put(string(LAST_NAME));
put(string(FIRST_NAME));
put(string(MI));
put(SID, width => 5);
put(" ");
put(string(STATUS));
put(" ");
if MAJOR_IND < 0 then
put("(NONE)");
else
put(MAJOR);
end if;
if ADVISOR_IND = 0 then
DEMOMOD.GET_INSTRUCTOR_NAME_FROM_ID
(ADVISOR,
INSTR_LAST_NAME,
INSTR_FIRST_NAME,
INSTR_MI, INSTR_MI_IND,
SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE = 0 then
put(" " & string(INSTR_LAST_NAME));
else
put("[err = ");
put(SQLCODE);
put("]");
end if;
else
put(" (NONE)");
end if;
end if;
new_line;
end loop;
DEMOMOD.CLOSE_GET_STUDENTS_CURS(SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put("Error closing cursor. CODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Call your database administrator.");
new_line;
end if;
end CALL_SHOW_STUDENTS;
procedure CALL_UPDATE_RECORD is
SID, ADVISOR, MAJOR : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
GRAD_DATE : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..9);
ADVISOR_IND, MAJOR_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT;
GRAD_DATE_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT;
LENGTH : integer;
LAST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..20);
FIRST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..20);
MI : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..3);
begin
new_line(2);
put_line("Update a student's records.");
new_line(2);
GET_STANDARD_INT(" Enter student ID number: ", SID);
DEMOMOD.GET_STUDENT_NAME_FROM_ID(SID,
LAST_NAME,
FIRST_NAME,
MI,
SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put_line("That student ID does not exist.");
new_line;
put_line("Recheck and try again.");
return;
else
put_line
(" The student's last name is " & string(LAST_NAME));
new_line;
end if;
put(" Change major? If so, enter new department ");
GET_STANDARD_INT("number. If not, enter 0: ", MAJOR);
if MAJOR = 0 then
MAJOR_IND := -1;
else
MAJOR_IND := 0;
end if;
put(" New advisor? If so, enter the instructor ID ");
GET_STANDARD_INT("number. If not, enter 0: ", ADVISOR);
if ADVISOR = 0 then
ADVISOR_IND := -1;
else
ADVISOR_IND := 0;
end if;
put_line
(" Has the student graduated. If so, enter date (DD-MON-YY)");
LENGTH := 9;
GET_STANDARD_TEXT
(" If not, press RETURN: ", GRAD_DATE, LENGTH);
if LENGTH = 0 then
GRAD_DATE_IND := -1;
else
GRAD_DATE_IND := 0;
end if;
DEMOMOD.UPDATE_STUDENT(SID,
MAJOR, MAJOR_IND,
ADVISOR, ADVISOR_IND,
GRAD_DATE, GRAD_DATE_IND,
SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
new_line;
put("Error updating records. Code is ");
put(SQLCODE);
new_line;
put_line("Call your database administrator.");
else
new_line;
put_line("Records updated. ");
end if;
end CALL_UPDATE_RECORD;
------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------- main ---------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
begin
SQLCODE_IO.default_width := 6;
SERVICE_NAME := "inst1_alias ";
USERNAME := "modtest ";
PASSWORD := "yes ";
DEMOMOD.DO_CONNECT(SERVICE_NAME, USERNAME, PASSWORD, SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
raise connect_error;
end if;
put_line("Connected to ORACLE.");
new_line;
MENU;
loop
GET_COMMAND(COM_LINE);
case COM_LINE is
when AC => CALL_ADD_CLASS;
when AS => CALL_ADD_STUDENT;
when DC => CALL_DROP_CLASS;
when DS => CALL_DROP_STUDENT;
when ES => CALL_ENROLL_STUDENT;
when SE => CALL_SHOW_ENROLLMENT;
when SS => CALL_SHOW_STUDENTS;
when US => CALL_UPDATE_RECORD;
when HELP => MENU;
when QUIT | BYE =>
skip_line;
new_line(5);
put("Commit all changes [yn]: ");
LENGTH := 4;
get_line(ANSWER, LENGTH);
if (ANSWER(1..1) = "y") then
DEMOMOD.DO_COMMIT(SQLCODE);
put_line("Changes committed.");
else
DEMO_MOD.DO_ROLLBACK;
put_line("Changes discarded.");
end if;
new_line(2);
put_line("G'Day!");
new_line(4);
exit;
end case;
end loop;
DEMOMOD.DO_DISCONNECT(SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
put("Error disconnecting. SQLCODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
put_line("Exiting anyway.");
end if;
exception
when CONNECT_ERROR =>
put_line("Error connecting to ORACLE.");
new_line(4);
when SQLCODE_ERROR =>
put("Error fetching data. CODE is ");
put(sqlcode);
new_line(4);
DEMOMOD.DO_DISCONNECT(SQLCODE);
when others =>
put_line("Unhandled error occurred. Fix the program!");
new_line(4);
end DEMOHOST;
-- demcalsp.a
--
-- Sample program that demonstrates how to call a
-- database stored procedure using the WITH INTERFACE
-- PROCEDURE clause.
--
-- The stored package is in the file GPAPKG.SQL.
-- Include the required specs. Demomod must be included
-- since it contains the connect and disconnect procedures.
with TEXT_IO,
SQL_STANDARD,
GPA_PKG,
DEMOMOD,
FLOAT_TEXT_IO,
INTEGER_TEXT_IO;
use TEXT_IO,
SQL_STANDARD,
FLOAT_TEXT_IO,
INTEGER_TEXT_IO;
procedure DEMCALSP is
-- Define the required I/O packages for SQL_STANDARD.
package STD_INT_IO is
new TEXT_IO.INTEGER_IO(SQL_STANDARD.INT);
use STD_INT_IO;
package SQLCODE_IO is
new TEXT_IO.INTEGER_IO(SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE);
use SQLCODE_IO;
package STD_SMALLINT_IO is
new TEXT_IO.INTEGER_IO(SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT);
use STD_SMALLINT_IO;
package STD_FLOAT_IO is
new TEXT_IO.FLOAT_IO(SQL_STANDARD.REAL);
use STD_FLOAT_IO;
STUDENT_ID : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
STUDENT_LAST_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..15);
NAME_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT;
GPA : SQL_STANDARD.REAL;
PASSWORD : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..12);
SERVICE_NAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..12);
USERNAME : SQL_STANDARD.CHAR(1..12);
SQLCODE : SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE;
SQLSTATE : SQL_STANDARD.SQLSTATE_TYPE;
CONNECT_ERROR : exception;
SQLCODE_ERROR : exception;
begin
PASSWORD := "yes ";
SERVICE_NAME := "inst1_alias ";
USERNAME := "modtest ";
DEMOMOD.DO_CONNECT(SERVICE_NAME, USERNAME, PASSWORD, SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
raise CONNECT_ERROR;
end if;
new_line(2);
put_line("Get grade point average--");
new_line;
loop
begin
new_line;
put("Enter student ID number (try 1000) (0 to quit): ");
get(STUDENT_ID);
new_line;
exit when STUDENT_ID = 0;
-- Call the stored procedure.
GPA_PKG.GET_GPA_IF(STUDENT_ID, STUDENT_LAST_NAME,
NAME_IND, GPA, SQLSTATE, SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
raise SQLCODE_ERROR;
end if;
if NAME_IND = 0 then
new_line;
put("Last name is " & string(STUDENT_LAST_NAME));
put("Overall GPA is");
put(GPA, fore => 4, aft => 2, exp => 0);
else
put("There is no student with ID number");
put(STUDENT_ID, width => 5);
new_line;
end if;
exception
when SQLCODE_ERROR =>
new_line;
put("Error fetching data, SQLCODE is ");
put(SQLCODE, width => 5);
end;
end loop;
-- Disconnect from the server.
DEMOMOD.DO_DISCONNECT(SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
put("Error disconnecting. SQLCODE is ");
put(SQLCODE);
put_line("Exiting anyhow.");
end if;
exception
when CONNECT_ERROR =>
put("Error connecting to Oracle.");
end DEMCALSP;
This chapter describes the criteria that an Ada application must meet when accessing module procedures, or when calling RPC stubs generated by SQL*Module. Topics covered include
The sample programs in this chapter are source code listings for the Module Language procedures that are called by the sample programs in Chapter 6, "Demonstration Programs", and a set of SQL statements that create and partially populate the example tables. These sources are also available online, in the demo directory.
The developer determines the structure of an application program that uses SQL*Module. A significant advantage that you obtain from using SQL*Module is that it imposes very few special requirements or constraints on the program design, unlike some other SQL programmatic interfaces.
The code that you write is purely in the language of the host application program. There is no need for special declare sections, embedded SQL statements, and special error handling and recovery. Database operations are mostly transparent to the application program developer, being taken care of by the Module Language or PL/SQL stored procedures.
There are, however, some SQL concepts of which the host application developer must be aware
Each Module Language procedure that is called from the host application must contain a parameter that returns status information to the application. There are two status parameters that you can use: SQLCODE and SQLSTATE. SQLCODE returns an integer value, while SQLSTATE returns a five-character string that contains an alphanumeric code.
SQLCODE is provided for compatibility with applications written to the 1989 SQL standards; new applications should use the SQLSTATE parameter.
When calling stored database procedures through an RPC stub, you include SQLCODE or SQLSTATE in the parameter list of the WITH INTERFACE clause in the procedure's package specification. See "The WITH INTERFACE Clause".
SQLCODE is an output parameter that can be included in a module procedure, and in the WITH INTERFACE clause in PL/SQL stored package specifications. SQLCODE returns a value that indicates whether a procedure completed successfully, completed with warnings, or did not complete due to an error.
SQLCODE returns three kinds of values:
0
Indicates that the procedure completed with no errors or warnings.
< 0
Indicates that an error occurred during execution of the procedure.
+100
Indicates that a SQL statement did not find a row on which to operate.
Negative SQLCODE values are Oracle message numbers. See the Oracle Database Error Messages manual for a complete list of Oracle codes and their accompanying messages. See the next section, "SQLSTATE", for mappings between Oracle error numbers and SQLSTATE values.
The procedure error_message in the public package oracle_sqllib was introduced in release 8.0. This procedure obtains the text associated with the SQLCODE of the latest error returned. The prototypes are (with and without a runtime context):
procedure ERROR_MESSAGE (ctx oracle_sqllib.sql_context,
msg_buf system.address,
msg_buf_len sql_standard.int);
and:
procedure ERROR_MESSAGE (msg_buf:out system.address,
msg_buf_len:out sql_standard.int);
SQLSTATE is a five-character alphanumeric output parameter that indicates the completion status of the procedure. It is declared as SQL_STANDARD.SQLSTATE_TYPE.
SQLSTATE status codes consist of a two-character class code followed by a three-character subclass code. Aside from the class code 00 ("successful completion"), the class code denotes the category of the exception. Also, aside from the subclass code 000 ("not applicable"), the subclass code denotes a specific exception within that category. For example, the SQLSTATE value '22012' consists of class code 22 ("data exception") and subclass code 012 ("division by zero").
Each of the five characters in a SQLSTATE value is a digit (0..9) or an uppercase Latin letter (A..Z). Class codes that begin with a digit in the range 0..4 or a letter in the range A..H are reserved for the predefined conditions (those defined in the SQL92 specification). All other class codes are reserved for implementation-defined sub-conditions. All other subclass codes are reserved for implementation-defined sub-conditions. Table 4-1 shows the coding scheme.
Table 4-1 Predetermined Classes
| Class | Condition |
|---|---|
|
02 |
no data |
|
07 |
dynamic SQL error |
|
08 |
connection exception |
|
0A |
feature not supported |
|
21 |
cardinality violation |
|
22 |
data exception |
|
23 |
integrity constraint violation |
|
24 |
invalid cursor state |
|
25 |
invalid transaction state |
|
26 |
invalid SQL statement name |
|
27 |
triggered data change violation |
|
28 |
invalid authorization specification |
|
2A |
direct SQL syntax error or access rule violation |
|
2B |
dependent privilege descriptors still exist |
|
2C |
invalid character set name |
|
2D |
invalid transaction termination |
|
2E |
invalid connection name |
|
33 |
invalid SQL descriptor name |
|
34 |
invalid cursor name |
|
35 |
invalid condition number |
|
37 |
dynamic SQL syntax error or access rule violation |
|
3C |
ambiguous cursor name |
|
3D |
invalid catalog name |
|
3F |
invalid schema name |
|
40 |
transaction rollback |
|
42 |
syntax error or access rule violation |
|
44 |
with check option violation |
|
HZ |
remote database access |
|
Note: The class code HZ is reserved for conditions defined in International Standard ISO/IEC DIS 9579-2, Remote Database Access. |
Appendix D, "SQLSTATE Codes" shows how Oracle errors map to SQLSTATE status codes. In some cases, several Oracle errors map to a status code. In other cases, no Oracle error maps to a status code (so the last column is empty). Status codes in the range 60000 .. 99999 are implementation-defined.
Starting with release 8.0, the function rows_processed, in the public package oracle_sqllib, returns the number of rows processed by the last SQL statement.
The prototypes are:
function ROWS_PROCESSED return integer;
and
function ROWS_PROCESSED (ctx oracle_sqllib.sql_context) return integer;
where the context, ctx, has been allocated previously.
A database column or a SQL expression can have a value, or it can have a special status called null. A null means the absence of a value. A numeric value or a special string encoding cannot be used to indicate a null, since all allowable numeric or string values are reserved for actual data. In a SQL*Module application, you must use an indicator variable to test a returned value for a null, or to insert a null into a database column.
|
Note: The term indicator variable is also referred to as an indicator parameter when discussing a variable being passed to or retrieved from a procedure. |
From the host language point of view, an indicator variable is a small integer that is passed to a procedure. In the SQL statement of the procedure, the indicator is associated with the corresponding host parameter. For example, the Module Language procedure performs a simple one-row SELECT (the host parameter in the WHERE clause is assumed to be a primary key):
PROCEDURE get_commission (
:commission REAL,
:comm_ind SMALLINT,
:emp_number INTEGER,
SQLSTATE);
SELECT comm INTO :commission INDICATOR :comm_ind
FROM emp WHERE empno = :emp_number;
In an Ada application, you call this procedure and test for a possible null in the returned COMMISSION as follows:
EMPNO := 7499;
GET_COMMISSION (COMMISSION, COMM_INDICATOR, EMPNO, SQLSTATE);
if COMM_INDICATOR < 0 then
PUT_LINE("Commission is null.");
else
PUT("Commission is ");
PUT(COMMISSION);
NEW_LINE;
end if;
So if an indicator variable is less than zero when a procedure returns, the associated host parameter has an undefined value.
You can also associate indicator variables with input parameters, for column values that are used to insert a new row into a table, or update an existing row. If the value in the indicator variable is greater than or equal to zero, the value in the associated parameter is used as the input value. If the indicator variable is set to -1, the value in the associated parameter is ignored, and a null is inserted as the column value.
For example, the following module procedure inserts a new row into an inventory table:
PROCEDURE new_part (
:part_no INTEGER,
:description CHAR(200),
:bin_number INTEGER,
:bin_no_ind SMALLINT,
SQLSTATE);
INSERT INTO inventory (part_number, description, bin_no)
VALUES (:part_no, :description,
:bin_number INDICATOR :bin_no_ind);
When you call this procedure with the parameter bin_no_ind set to -1, any value in the parameter bin_number is ignored, and a null is inserted into the BIN_NO column of the table.
If the host language parameter is a character type, and has an associated indicator variable, a returned indicator value greater than zero indicates that the returned value was truncated. The value of the indicator is the original (un-truncated) length, in bytes, of the column or expression value.
Programs that retrieve data from a table can work in two different ways. In one case, a query might be constructed that expects either one row of data to be returned, or no row. For example, if the program performs a request such as ''give me the name of the employee whose employee number is 7499", where the employee number is a primary key of the table (and hence, by definition, unique), the request either returns the name of the employee whose employee number is 7499, or returns an indication that no such employee exists in the table.
If no employee exists with that number, the query procedure returns a ''no data found" indication in the SQLCODE or SQLSTATE parameter.
For Oracle to process any SQL statement, a cursor is required. However, SQL*Module implicitly defines a cursor for INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements, as well as SELECT statements.
However for queries that can return multiple rows, an explicit cursor must be defined in the module or stored package to fetch all the rows. You can use static cursors, or cursor variables. See "Cursors" for a description of cursor variables.
See the code in "Module Language Sample Program" for several examples that use explicit cursors.
The SQL*Module compiler generates specification files. These are text files that contain declarations for the module or interface procedures that SQL*Module generates.
You must include the specification file directly in the source of your host application. The name of the specification file is the base name of the Module Language output file for SQL*Module, with a system-specific extension. These extensions are documented in "Specification File".
In Ada applications, you must compile the specification file (or files) that SQL*Module generates. You then include the specification for the module procedures or stubs in each application that calls module procedures or stubs using the with context clause.
The naming of specification files is discussed in detail in Chapter 6, "Demonstration Programs".
You call procedures generated by SQL*Module using the normal procedure call format of the host language. Procedures can only return values in parameters, including the SQLCODE and SQLSTATE parameters. The generated procedures are not functions.
SQL*Module supports array bind and define variables as arguments to procedures and functions:
PROCEDURE foo (:arrname ARRAY(n) OF type, SQLCODE);
where n is the size of arrname, and type is listed in "Globalization Support".
For example:
PROCEDURE selempno (:eno ARRAY(14) of INTEGER, SQLCODE); SELECT empno INTO :eno FROM emp;
|
Note: Host arrays are allowed in SELECT, FETCH, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statements only. |
Restrictions:
1. Arrays may not be specified when RPC_GENERATE=yes or STORE_PACKAGE=yes. See "Stored Packages" for more information. See both these command-line options in Chapter 5, "Running SQL*Module".
2. The maximum dimension of an array is 32000
3. SQL*Module does not allow multi-dimension arrays.
Not all writing systems can be represented using the 7-bit or 8-bit ASCII character set. Some languages require multibyte character sets. Also, countries have different ways of punctuating numbers, and representing dates and currency symbols.
Oracle provides Globalization Support, which lets you process single-byte and multibyte character data and convert between character sets. It also lets your applications run in different language environments. With Globalization Support, number and date formats adapt automatically to the language conventions specified for a user session. Thus, Globalization Support allows users around the world to interact with Oracle in their native languages.
You control the operation of language-dependent features by specifying various Globalization Support parameters. Default values for these parameters can be set in the Oracle initialization file. The following table shows what each Globalization Support parameter specifies:
| Globalization Support Parameter | Specifies ... |
|---|---|
| NLS_LANGUAGE | language-dependent conventions |
| NLS_TERRITORY | territory-dependent conventions |
| NLS_DATE_FORMAT | date format |
| NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE | language for day and month names |
| NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS | decimal character and group separator |
| NLS_CURRENCY | local currency symbol |
| NLS_ISO_CURRENCY | ISO currency symbol |
| NLS_SORT | sort sequence |
The main parameters are NLS_LANGUAGE and NLS_TERRITORY. NLS_LANGUAGE specifies the default values for language-dependent features, which include
language for Server messages
language for day and month names
sort sequence
NLS_TERRITORY specifies the default values for territory-dependent features, which include
date format
decimal character
group separator
local currency symbol
ISO currency symbol
You can control the operation of language-dependent Globalization Support features for a user session by specifying the parameter NLS_LANG as follows:
NLS_LANG = <language>_<territory>.<character set>
where language specifies the value of NLS_LANGUAGE for the user session, territory specifies the value of NLS_TERRITORY, and character set specifies the encoding scheme used for the terminal. An encoding scheme (usually called a character set or code page) is a range of numeric codes that corresponds to the set of characters a terminal can display. It also includes codes that control communication with the terminal.
You define NLS_LANG as an environment variable (or the equivalent on your system). For example, on UNIX using the C shell, you might define NLS_LANG as follows:
setenv NLS_LANG French_Canadian.WE8ISO8859P1
SQL*Module fully supports all the Globalization Support features that allow your applications to process multilingual data stored in an Oracle Database version 8 database. For example, you can run a SQL*Module-derived client application that interacts with a remote server, where the client and the server are using different character sets, possibly with a different number of bytes each character. In these contexts, remember that specification of the lengths of string types, such as the SQL datatype CHARACTER(N), is always specified in bytes, not characters.
You can even pass Globalization Support parameters to the TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, and TO_NUMBER functions. For more information about Globalization Support, see the Oracle Database Advanced Application Developer's Guide.
Programmer's Guide
11g Release 2 (11.2)
E10827-01
July 2009
Oracle SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide, 11g Release 2 (11.2)
E10827-01
Copyright © 2001, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Simon Watt
Contributing Author: Shiladitya Guha
Contributor: Subhranshu Banerjee
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The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.
If this software or related documentation is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable:
U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms set forth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007). Oracle USA, Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065.
This software is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications which may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure the safe use of this software. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software in dangerous applications.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
This software and documentation may provide access to or information on content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services.
The words listed in this appendix are reserved by Oracle or by SQL*Module. For PL/SQL reserved words, see Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference.
The following words are reserved by Oracle and by SQL*Module. You cannot use them to name a module, nor to name cursors, procedures, or procedure parameters in a module.
ADA, ARRAY, ALL, ALLOCATE, ALTER, AND, ANGLE_BRK, ANSIC, ANY, AREASIZE, ARRAYLEN, AS, ASC, AT, AUDIT, AUTHORIZATION, AUTO, AVG, BEGIN, BETWEEN, BIND, BREAK, BY, C, CASE, CAT, CHAR, CHARACTER, CLOSE, COBOL, CODE, COMMENT, COMMIT, CONNECT, CONNECTION, CONTEXT, CONST, CONTINUE, CREATE, CURRENT, CURRVAL, CURSOR, DATABASE, DATE, DEC, DECI, DECIMAL, DECLARE, DEFAULT, DEFINE, DEFINED, DELETE, DESC, DESCRIBE, DESCRIPTOR, DISCONNECT, DISPLAY, DISTINCT, DO, DOUBLE, DROP, ELSE, ENABLE, END, ENDEXEC, ENDIF, ENUM, ERRORS, ESCAPE, EXCLUSIVE, EXEC, EXECUTE, EXECORACLE, EXECORACLEELSE, EXECORACLEENDIF, EXECSQL, EXECSQLBEGIN, EXECSQLEND, EXECSQLTYPE, EXECSQLVAR, EXECUTE, EXISTS, EXTERN, FETCH, FIPS, FLOAT, FOR, FORCE, FORTRAN, FOUND, FREE, FROM, FULL, FUNCTION, GET, GO, GOTO, GRANT, GROUP, HAVING, HOLDCURSOR, IAF, IDENTIFIED, IF, IFDEF, IFNDEF, IMMEDIATE, IN, INCLUDE, INCSQL, INDICATOR, INSERT, INT, INTEGER, INTERSECT, INTO, IS, ISOLATION, KRC, LANGUAGE, LEVEL, LIKE, LIMITED, LIST, LOCK, LOCKLONG, MAX, MAXLITERAL, MAXOPENCURSORS, MIN, MINUS, MOD, MODE, MODULE, NEXTVAL, NO, NOAUDIT, NONE, NOT, NOTFOUND, NOWAIT, NULL, NUMBER, NUMERIC, OF, ONLY, OPEN, OPTION, OR, ORACA, ORACLE, ORACLE_C, ORDER, PACKAGE, PASCAL, PLI, PRECISION, PREPARE, PRIOR, PROCEDURE, PUT, RAW, READ, REAL, REBIND, REENTRANT, REFERENCE, REGISTER, RELEASE, RELEASE_CURSOR, REM, RENAME, RETURN, REVOKE, ROLLBACK, ROW, ROWID, ROWNUM, SAVEPOINT, SECTION, SEGMENT, SELECT, SELECTERROR, SEMANTICS, SERIALIZABLE, SET, SHARE, SHORT, SIGNED, SIZEOF, SMALLINT, SOME, SQL, SQL2, SQL89, SQLCHECK, SQLCODE, SQLERRM, SQLERROR, SQLROWS, SQLSTATE, SQLWARNING, SQL_CONTEXT, SQL_CURSOR, START, STATEMENT, STATIC, STDDEV, STOP, STRING, STRUCT, SUM, SWITCH, SYNTAX, SYSDATE, TABLE, THREADS, TO, TRANSACTION, TYPEDEF, UID, UNDEF, UNION, UNIQUE, UNSIGNED, UPDATE, USE, USER, USING, VALIDATE, VALUES, VARCHAR, VARCHAR2, VARIABLES, VARIANCE, VARNUM, VARRAW, VARYING, VOID, VOLATILE, WHEN, WHENEVER, WHERE, WHILE, WITH, WORK, WORKWRITE, WRITE, XOR_EQ, XOR_WQ, YES
This chapter describes how to use SQL*Module to generate interface procedures to call stored procedures. It covers the following topics:
This section contains a brief overview of PL/SQL, Oracle's procedural language extension to SQL. PL/SQL is a modern block-structured language that enables you to
declare constants and variables
control execution flow, using IF ... THEN ... ELSE, EXIT, GOTO, and other procedural constructs
create loops, using WHILE ... LOOP and FOR ... LOOP
assign constant or variable expressions to a variable
issue SQL Data Manipulation Language and Transaction Control statements
define exceptions, handle them using WHEN EXCEPTION_NAME THEN ..., and raise them using RAISE EXCEPTION_NAME
See the Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference for complete information about the PL/SQL language.
A PL/SQL procedure is a named PL/SQL block. Unlike an anonymous block, a procedure can
take parameters
be invoked from a separate application
be compiled once, but invoked many times
be stored in compiled form in a database, independent of the shared SQL cache
A procedure contains one or more PL/SQL blocks. The following example computes the grade point average. The student ID number is passed as a parameter to the procedure, and the computed grade point average is returned by the procedure.
PROCEDURE get_gpa(
student_id IN NUMBER,
gpa OUT NUMBER) IS
n NUMBER;
grade_temp NUMBER;
gpa_temp NUMBER; -- needed because PL/SQL cannot read
-- an OUT parameter like GPA
CURSOR c1(sid) IS
SELECT grade FROM enrollment
WHERE student_id = sid;
BEGIN
n := 0;
gpa := 0;
OPEN c1(student_id);
LOOP
FETCH c1 INTO grade_temp;
EXIT WHEN c1%NOTFOUND; -- c1%NOTFOUND is TRUE
-- when no more data found
gpa_temp := gpa_temp + grade_temp;
n := n + 1;
END LOOP;
IF n > 0 THEN
gpa := gpa_temp / n;
END IF;
CLOSE c1;
END;
END PROCEDURE get_gpa;
The procedure declaration adds a parameter list to the PL/SQL block. In this example, student_id is a parameter whose mode is IN. The mode of a parameter indicates whether the parameter passes data to a procedure (IN), returns data from a procedure (OUT), or can do both (IN OUT). The parameter gpa is an OUT parameter. It returns a value, but you cannot use it to pass a value to the procedure. Nor can you read its value inside the procedure, even after a value has been assigned to it.
You can store PL/SQL procedures in the database, and call these stored procedures from Oracle applications. Storing a procedure in the database offers many advantages. Only one copy of the procedure needs to be maintained; it is in the database, and it can be accessed by many different applications. This considerably reduces maintenance requirements for large applications. A stored procedure is not recompiled each time it is called.
You can store procedures in the database by using Oracle tools such as SQL*Plus. You create the source for the procedure using your text editor, and execute the source using SQL*Plus (for example, with the @ operator). When you input the source, use the CREATE PROCEDURE command. (You can also use CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE, to replace an already stored procedure of the same name.)
See the Oracle Database Reference for complete information about the CREATE PROCEDURE command.
The examples of stored procedures shown so far in this chapter involve standalone procedures (sometimes called top-level procedures). These are useful in small applications. However, to gain the full power of stored procedures, you should use packages.
A package encapsulates procedures, as well as other PL/SQL objects. Stored packages that are used with Ada applications have two parts: a package specification and a package body. The specification is the (exposed) interface to the host application; it declares the procedures that are called by the application. A complete PL/SQL package specification can also declare functions, as well as other PL/SQL objects such as constants, variables, and exceptions. However, an Ada application using SQL*Module cannot access or reference PL/SQL objects other than subprograms. The package body contains the PL/SQL code that defines the procedures and other objects that are declared in the package specification.
Although an Ada application can only access public subprograms, a called subprogram can in turn call private subprograms, and can access public and private variables and constants in the package.
For complete information about stored packages, see the Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference.
You can use SQL*Module to provide a bridge that enables your host application to access procedures stored in the database. A host application written in Ada cannot call a stored database subprogram directly. But you can use SQL*Module to construct an interface procedure ("stub'') that calls the stored database subprogram. shows, in schematic form, how this process works.
In this example, there is a procedure stored in the database called enroll. The PL/SQL source code that created the procedure is shown in the right-hand box. The WITH INTERFACE clause in the procedure is described in the section "The WITH INTERFACE Clause". The procedure has two database parameters: class_no and student_id. The SQLCODE error return parameter is added in the interfacing clause.
The Oracle Server always translates the names of database objects to uppercase when they are inserted into the database. This includes the names of packages and procedures. For example, if you are loading a package into the database in the SCOTT schema, and have a PL/SQL source file that contains the line
CREATE PACKAGE school_records AS ...
then Oracle inserts the name into the schema as SCHOOL_RECORDS, not the lowercase ''school_records''. The following SQL*Module command (in UNIX)
modada rpc_generate=yes pname=school_records userid=scott
generates an error, since there is no package named ''school_records'' in the schema.
If you prefer to have your package and procedure names stored in lowercase in the database, you must quote all references to the name in the PL/SQL source file, or as you insert them into the database using SQL*Plus. So, you would code
CREATE PACKAGE "school_records" AS ...
Note also that SQL*Module preserves the case of subprogram names when creating interface procedure files.
However, if you really do want uppercase names, some operating systems (OPEN VMS is an example) require that you quote the name when you specify it on the command line. So, you would enter the command as
modada rpc_generate=yes pname="SCHOOL_RECORDS" user=scott
See your system-specific Oracle documentation, and your operating system documentation, for additional information on case conventions for command lines that are in effect for your operating system.
When you generate RPCs (remote procedure calls) using SQL*Module, you have a choice of early binding or late binding. Your choice of early or late binding is controlled by the BINDING option.
When you choose early binding, SQL*Module generates a call to the procedure stored in the database, and also uses a time stamp that is associated with the call. The time stamp records the date and time (to the nearest second) that the stored procedure was last compiled. The time stamp is created by the Oracle database. If a host application calls the stored procedure through the interface procedure, and the time stamp recorded with the interface procedure is earlier than the time stamp on the stored procedure recorded in the database, an error is returned to the host application in the SQLCODE or SQLSTATE status parameter. The SQLCODE error is 4062 "time stamp of name has been changed".
The late binding option, on the other hand, does not use a time stamp. If your application calls a stored procedure that has been recompiled since SQL*Module generated the interface procedure, no error is returned to the application.
With late binding, SQL*Module generates the call to the stored procedure using an anonymous PL/SQL block. The following example shows a specification for a stored procedure that is part of a package in the SCOTT schema:
PACKAGE emppkg IS
PROCEDURE get_sal_comm (emp_num IN NUMBER,
salary OUT NUMBER,
commission OUT NUMBER)
WITH INTERFACE
PROCEDURE get_sal_emp (
emp_num INTEGER,
salary REAL,
commission REAL INDICATOR comm_ind,
comm_ind SMALLINT,
SQLCODE);
END emppkg;
If you generate an RPC interface procedures output file for the package using the command
modada pname=EMPPKG rpc_generate=yes binding=late userid=scott/tiger
SQL*Module generates a call in the output file, as follows:
With Oracle_Sqllib; use Oracle_Sqllib;
with SQL_STANDARD;
Package EMPPKG is
procedure GET_SAL_EMP(EMPNUM: in sql_standard.int;
SALARY: out sql_standard.real;
COMMISION: out sql_standard.real;
COMM_IND: out sql_standard.smallint;
SQLCODE: out sql_standard.sqlcode_type);
sql_001 : constant string :=
"begin ""EMPPKG.SCOTT""." &
"""GET_SAL_COMM""(:EMPNUM, :SALARY, :COMMISION:COMM_IND); end;";
end EMPPKG;
...
In other words, the call to the stored procedure get_sal_comm is performed using an anonymous PL/SQL block. This is the way stored procedures are called from an Oracle precompiler or Oracle Call Interface application.
The advantages of late binding are
greater flexibility
changes in the stored procedure(s) are transparent to the user
gives behavior similar to interactive SQL (for example, SQL*PLus)
The disadvantages of late binding are
There might be additional performance overhead at runtime, due to the necessity of compiling the PL/SQL anonymous block.
It is difficult to detect runtime PL/SQL compilation errors in the host application. For example, if the anonymous block that calls the late-bound procedure fails at runtime, there is no convenient way for the host application to determine the cause of the error.
The lack of time-stamp capability means that changes, perhaps radical changes, in the stored procedure could be made after the host application was built, and the application would have no way of detecting this.
Use the BINDING={EARLY | LATE} command line option to select early or late binding when generating RPC interface procedures. See Chapter 5, "Running SQL*Module" for a description of this and other command line options.
You can use cursor variables in your application. A cursor variable is a reference to a cursor that is defined and opened on the Oracle Database version 8 server. See the Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference for complete information about cursor types.
The advantages of cursor variables are
Encapsulation: queries are centralized, placed in the stored procedure that opens the cursor variable. The logic is hidden from the user.
Ease of maintenance: if you need to change the cursor, you only need to make the change in one place: the stored procedure. There is no need to change each application.
Convenient security: the user of the application is the username used when the application connects to the server. The user must have execute permission on the stored procedure that opens the cursor. But the user does not need to have read permission on the tables used in the query. This capability can be used to limit access to the columns and rows in the table.
You define a cursor variable parameter in your module by using the type SQL_CURSOR. For example:
PROCEDURE alloc_cursor (
SQLCODE,
:curs SQL_CURSOR);
In this example, the parameter curs has the type SQL_CURSOR.
You must allocate the cursor variable by using the Module Language command ALLOCATE. For example, to allocate the SQL_CURSOR curs that is the formal parameter in the example, you write the statement:
ALLOCATE :curs;
|
Note: You use the ALLOCATE command only for cursor variables. You do not need to use it for standard cursors. |
You must open a cursor variable on the Oracle Server. You cannot use the OPEN command that you use to open a standard cursor to open a cursor variable. You open a cursor variable by calling a PL/SQL stored procedure that opens the cursor (and defines it in the same statement).
For example, consider the following PL/SQL package, stored in the database:
CONNECT scott/tiger
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE cursor_var_pkg AS
TYPE emp_record_type IS RECORD (ename EMP.ename%TYPE;);
TYPE curtype IS REF CURSOR RETURN emp_record_type;
PROCEDURE OPEN1(cur1 IN OUT curtype)
WITH INTERFACE
PROCEDURE
OPEN1 (SQLCODE integer, cur1 SQL_CURSOR);
end cursor_var_pkg;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY cursor_var_pkg AS
PROCEDURE OPEN1(cur1 IN OUT curtype) IS
BEGIN
OPEN cur1 FOR SELECT ename FROM emp_view;
END;
END cursor_var_pkg;
COMMIT;
After you have stored this package, and you have generated the interface procedures, you can open the cursor curs by calling the OPEN1 stored procedure from your Ada driver program. You can then call module procedures that FETCH the next row from the opened cursor. For example:
PROCEDURE fetch_from_cursor (
SQLCODE,
:curs SQL_CURSOR,
:emp_name VARCHAR2(11));
FETCH :curs INTO :emp_name;
In your driver program, you call this procedure to fetch each row from the result defined by the cursor. When there is no more data, the value +100 is returned in SQLCODE.
In the example, a cursor type was defined inside a package, and the cursor was opened in a procedure in that package. But it is not always necessary to define a cursor type inside the package that contains the procedures that open the cursor.
If you need to open a cursor inside a standalone stored procedure, you can define the cursor in a separate package, then reference that package in the standalone stored procedure that opens the cursor. Here is an example:
PACKAGE dummy IS
TYPE EmpName IS RECORD (name VARCHAR2(10));
TYPE emp_cursor_type IS REF CURSOR RETURN EmpName;
END;
-- and then define a standalone procedure:
PROCEDURE open_emp_curs (
emp_cursor IN OUT dummy.emp_cursor_type;
dept_num IN NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor FOR
SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE deptno = dept_num;
END;
END;
Use the Module Language CLOSE command to close a cursor variable. For example, to close the emp_cursor cursor variable that was OPENed in the examples, use the statement
CLOSE :emp_cursor;
Note that the cursor variable is a parameter, and so you must precede it with a colon.
You can reuse ALLOCATEd cursor variables. You can OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE as many times as needed for your application. However, if you disconnect from the server, then reconnect, you must reallocate cursor variables.
The following restrictions apply to the use of cursor variables:
1. You can only use cursor variables with the commands:
ALLOCATE
FETCH
CLOSE
2. The DECLARE CURSOR command does not apply to cursor variables.
You cannot FETCH from a CLOSEd cursor variable.
You cannot FETCH from a non-ALLOCATEd cursor variable.
Cursor variables cannot be stored in columns in the database.
A cursor variable itself cannot be declared in a package specification. Only the type of the cursor variable can be declared in the package specification.
A cursor variable cannot be a component of a PL/SQL record.
Dynamic SQL is the capability of executing SQL commands that are stored in character string variables. The package DBMS_SQL parses data definition language (DDL) and Data Manipulation (DML) statements at runtime. DBMS_SQL has functions such as OPEN_CURSOR, PARSE, DEFINE_COLUMN, EXECUTE, FETCH_ROWS, COLUMN_VALUE, and so on. Use these functions in your program to open a cursor, parse the statement, and so on.
For more details on this package, see Oracle Database Advanced Application Developer's Guide
The stored procedure format in the previous section can be used for stored procedures that are to be called from applications written using Oracle tools. For example, a SQL*Plus script can call the GET_GPA procedure in "Procedures" just as it is written.
You can code a WITH INTERFACE clause, or you can let SQL*Module generate a default WITH INTERFACE clause for stored procedures that have been stored without this clause.
This clause, when added to a procedure declaration in the package specification, lets you add parameters that are essential to perform an RPC to a PL/SQL procedure, through a calling interface procedure in the output file. In addition, the WITH INTERFACE clause uses SQL datatypes, not the PL/SQL datatypes that are used in the stored procedure definition. The additional features of the WITH INTERFACE clause are
Note: The procedures names that you code in WITH INTERFACE clauses must be unique within the entire application. If you let SQL*Module generate default WITH INTERFACE, then overloaded procedure names are resolved using an algorithm described in "MAPPING".
Arrays are not allowed in WITH INTERFACE clauses.
The following package declaration shows how you use the WITH INTERFACE clause to map PL/SQL datatypes to SQL datatypes, and add the SQLCODE or SQLSTATE status parameters. Status parameters are filled in automatically as the procedure executes. They are not directly accessible within the procedure body.
CREATE or REPLACE PACKAGE gpa_pkg AS
PROCEDURE get_gpa (student_id IN NUMBER,
gpa OUT NUMBER)
WITH INTERFACE
PROCEDURE get_gpa_if
(student_id INTEGER,
gpa REAL,
SQLCODE INTEGER
SQLSTATE CHARACTER(6));
...
The interface procedure name specified in the WITH INTERFACE clause can be the same as the name of the procedure itself, or, as in this example, it can be different. However, the name specified in the WITH INTERFACE clause is the name that must be used when you invoke the stored procedure from your host application.
In the example, the datatypes in the WITH INTERFACE clause are SQL datatypes (INTEGER and REAL). These types are compatible with the PL/SQL datatype NUMBER.
You must include either a SQLCODE or a SQLSTATE parameter in the parameter list of the WITH INTERFACE clause. You can include both. SQLSTATE is the recommended parameter; SQLCODE is provided for compatibility with the SQL89 standard.
|
Note: Parameters in the PL/SQL procedure specification cannot be constrained. Parameters in the WITH INTERFACE clause must be constrained where required. |
The following package definition shows an example of the WITH INTERFACE clause:
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE gpa_pkg AS
PROCEDURE get_gpa(student_id IN NUMBER,
student_last_name IN OUT CHARACTER,
gpa OUT NUMBER)
WITH INTERFACE
PROCEDURE get_gpa_if
(student_id INTEGER,
student_last_name CHARACTER(15)
INDICATOR sname_ind,
sname_ind SMALLINT,
gpa REAL,
SQLSTATE CHARACTER(6),
SQLCODE INTEGER);
END;
In the example, the student_last_name parameter is a CHARACTER, which is both a PL/SQL and a SQL datatype. In the PL/SQL part of the procedure definition, the parameter must be unconstrained, following the syntax of PL/SQL. But in the WITH INTERFACE clause, you must specify the length of the parameter.
The student_last_name parameter also takes an indicator parameter, using the syntax shown. See Appendix B for the formal syntax of the WITH INTERFACE clause.
The SQL datatypes that you can use in the WITH INTERFACE clause are listed in , along with their compatible PL/SQL datatypes.
Table 3-1 SQL Datatypes
| SQL Datatypes | Range or Size | SQL Meaning | Compatible PL/SQL Datatypes |
|---|---|---|---|
|
CHARACTER (N) OR CHAR (N) |
1 < N < 32500 bytes |
String of length N (if N is omitted, N is effectively 1) |
VARCHAR2(N), CHAR(N), DATE |
|
DOUBLE PRECISION |
Implicit precision 38 |
Approximate numeric type |
NUMBER |
|
INTEGER or INT |
System specific |
Integer type |
NUMBER, BINARY_INTEGER |
|
SMALLINT |
System specific |
Small (or short) integer type |
NUMBER, BINARY_INTEGER |
|
REAL |
System-specific |
Approximate numeric type | |
|
VARCHAR2(N) |
1 < N <32500 bytes |
Character array of length N |
VARCHAR2(N), CHAR(N),DATE |
|
SQL_CURSOR |
Cursor variable type |
REF cursor |
|
Note: SQL datatypes compatible with NUMBER are also compatible with types derived from NUMBER, such as REAL.The size of integer and small integer types is system specific. For many systems, integers are 32 bits wide and small integers are 16 bits, but check your system documentation for the size on your system. |
SQL*Module does not directly support the Oracle DATE datatype. You can, however, use character strings when you fetch, select, update, or insert DATE values. Oracle does the conversion between internal DATEs and character strings. See the Oracle Database Reference for more information about the DATE datatype, and conversion between DATEs and character strings.
If a package has already been defined in the database with no WITH INTERFACE clauses for the subprograms, you can still generate interface procedures to call the subprograms. The default WITH INTERFACE clause that is generated by SQL*Module when there is no WITH INTERFACE clause in the package or procedure gives you all the features of the standard WITH INTERFACE clause:
the SQLCODE error handling parameter
the SQLSTATE error handling parameter
indicator parameters
datatype mapping between PL/SQL base and derived datatypes and SQL types
When SQL*Module generates an interface procedure with a default WITH INTERFACE clause, it generates a SQLCODE parameter in the first parameter position, and a SQLSTATE parameter in the second position. Then, for each actual parameter in the stored procedure or stored function, a parameter is generated with the appropriate mapped host language datatype. Each parameter is followed by an indicator parameter, mapped to the correct host language type from the SQL datatype SMALLINT.
If SQL*Module is generating a default WITH INTERFACE clause for functions in a package, then the WITH INTERFACE clause is generated as if the function were a procedure, with the return value and its indicator parameter as the last two parameters in the clause.
Table 3-2 shows how predefined, or base, PL/SQL datatypes are mapped to SQL datatypes, and then to host language datatypes. PL/SQL subtypes that are derived from the base types are also supported, and are mapped as indicated for the base type.
Table 3-2 Mapping PL/SQL Datatypes to SQL Datatypes
| PL/SQL Datatype | Ada Language Datatype |
|---|---|
|
BINARY INTEGER |
SQL_STANDARD.INT |
|
NUMBER NUMBER(P,S) |
SQL_STANDARD. DOUBLE_PRECISION |
|
RAW LONG RAW |
STRING |
|
LONG |
STRING |
|
BOOLEAN |
SQL_STANDARD.INT |
|
CHAR |
SQL_STANDARD.CHAR |
|
VARCHAR2 |
STRING |
|
DATE |
SQL_STANDARD.CHAR |
|
ROWID |
STRING |
|
CURSOR |
ORACLE_SQLLIB.SQL_CURSOR |
|
Note: The maximum length for the following data types are:
|
Suppose, for example, that a procedure stored in the SCOTT schema has the parameter list
PROCEDURE proc1 (
PARAM1 IN NUMBER,
PARAM2 IN OUT DATE,
PARAM3 OUT DOUBLE PRECISION,
PARAM4 CHARACTER,
PARAM5 BINARY_INTEGER)
If you run the module compiler, modada, as follows:
modada pname=PROC1 rpc_generate=yes user=scott/tiger oname=proc1
then the Ada procedure specification in the generated output file proc1_.a would be created by SQL*Module as follows:
procedure PROC1(SQLCODE: in out sql_standard.sqlcode_type; sqlstate: in out sql_standard.sqlstate_type; PARAM1: in sql_standard.double_precision; PARAM1_ind: in sql_standard.smallint; PARAM2: in out oracle_sqllib.sql_date; PARAM2_ind: in out sql_standard.smallint; PARAM3: out sql_standard.double_precision; PARAM3_ind: out sql_standard.smallint; PARAM4: in string; PARAM4_ind: in sql_standard.smallint; PARAM5: in sql_standard.int; PARAM5_ind: in sql_standard.smallint);
Function calls are generated as procedures with the last two parameters in the generated prototype being the return parameter and the indicator variable for the return parameter. For example:
FUNCTION func1 (
PARAM1 IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2
would have the Ada prototype:
procedure FUNC1(SQLCODE: in out sql_standard.sqlcode_type; sqlstate: in out sql_standard.sqlstate_type; PARAM1: in sql_standard.double_precision; PARAM1_ind: in sql_standard.smallint; mod_func_return: out string; mod_func_return_ind: out sql_standard.smallint) is begin . . . end FUNC1;
You can also use SQL*Module to create a stored package in the database from Module Language procedures. By specifying the module file in the INAME command line option (see Chapter 5, "Running SQL*Module" for details), and setting the option STORE_PACKAGE=YES, the procedures in the module file are stored in a package in the database, using the module name as the default package name. (The default name can be overridden using the PNAME option. See Chapter 5, "Running SQL*Module" for details.)
For example, the following module file:
MODULE test_sp
AUTHORIZATION scott
PROCEDURE get_emp (
:empname CHAR(10),
:empnumber INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
SELECT ename INTO :empname
FROM emp
WHERE empno = :empnumber;
PROCEDURE put_emp (
:empname CHAR(10),
:empnumber INTEGER,
:deptnumber INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
INSERT INTO emp (ename, empno, deptno) VALUES
(:empname, :empnumber, :deptnumber);
when stored as a package in the database would produce the following PL/SQL code for the package specification:
package test_sp is
procedure get_emp
(empname out char,
empnumber in number)
with interface procedure get_emp
(empname char(11),
empnumber integer,
sqlcode integer);
procedure put_emp
(empname in char,
empno in number,
deptno in number)
with interface procedure put_emp
(empname char(11),
empnumber integer,
deptnumber integer,
sqlcode integer);
end test_sp;
Note: You cannot store module procedures that contain the ALLOCATE statement, nor statements CONNECT, DISCONNECT, ENABLE THREADS, CONTEXT, nor FETCH and CLOSE statements that refer to cursor variables.
When you write an Ada program that calls RPC interface procedures that were generated from stored procedures, you need a way to connect to a database at runtime. The steps you can take to do this are
Write a module that contains connect and disconnect procedures. See "CONNECT Statement" for the syntax of these procedures. See also the examples in the demomod sample in Chapter 6, "Demonstration Programs".
Compile the module using SQL*Module.
Add a with clause to the host application file referencing the generated specification name.
Compile the specification file.
Compile the source output file.
Link your main application.
This book is a comprehensive user's guide and reference for SQL*Module, an Oracle application development tool.
It includes a complete description of Module Language, an ANSI/ISO SQL standard for developing applications that access data stored in a relational database. Module Language uses parameterized procedures to encapsulate SQL statements. The procedures can then be called from an Ada application.
This Guide also describes how you can use SQL*Module to call PL/SQL procedures stored in an Oracle database. A number of complete examples using Module Language, Ada code, and stored database procedures are provided.
This preface contains these topics:
Oracle SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide is intended for systems architects, analysts, and developers who are writing large-scale applications that access an Oracle Server. Chapter 1 of this Guide can also be used by managers who need to determine if SQL*Module is an appropriate tool for a planned project.
To use this Guide effectively, you need a working knowledge of the following topics:
applications programming in Ada
the SQL database language
Oracle database concepts and terminology
Familiarity with SQL-standard Module Language is not a prerequisite. This Guide fully documents Module Language.
Our goal is to make Oracle products, services, and supporting documentation accessible to all users, including users that are disabled. To that end, our documentation includes features that make information available to users of assistive technology. This documentation is available in HTML format, and contains markup to facilitate access by the disabled community. Accessibility standards will continue to evolve over time, and Oracle is actively engaged with other market-leading technology vendors to address technical obstacles so that our documentation can be accessible to all of our customers. For more information, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program Web site at http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/.
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SQL*Module conforms to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Standards Organization (ISO) standards for Module Language. This includes complete conformance with Chapter 7 of ANSI document X3.135-1989, Database Language SQL with Integrity Enhancement.
In addition, SQL*Module conforms to the "Entry SQL" subset of the SQL92 standard, as defined in Chapter 12 of the ANSI Document X3.135-1992.
Note: SQL92 is known officially as International Standard ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL.
SQL*Module supports the Ada83 language standard for Ada.
Oracle has also implemented extensions to the SQL language and to Module Language. This Guide describes both the SQL standard Module Language and the complete set of Oracle extensions. SQL*Module provides an option, called the FIPS flagger, which flags all non-standard extensions to SQL and to Module Language, as mandated by the Federal Information Processing Standard for Database Language SQL, FIPS publication 127-1. This publication is available at
National Technical Information Service US Department of Commerce Springfield VA 22161 U.S.A
The following text conventions are used in this document:
| Convention | Meaning |
|---|---|
| boldface | Boldface type indicates graphical user interface elements associated with an action, or terms defined in text or the glossary. |
| italic | Italic type indicates book titles, emphasis, or placeholder variables for which you supply particular values. |
monospace | Monospace type indicates commands within a paragraph, URLs, code in examples, text that appears on the screen, or text that you enter. |
This chapter introduces you to SQL*Module and answers the following questions:
You use SQL*Module to develop and manage Ada applications that access data in an Oracle database. It allows an Ada application to access relational databases without using embedded SQL, and without using a proprietary application programming interface.
SQL*Module fulfills three roles in application development:
It compiles SQL standard Module Language files. A Module Language file contains parameterized procedures that encapsulate SQL statements. These procedures are translated by the SQL*Module compiler into calls to a SQL runtime library that interacts with the Oracle server.
It builds Ada code files that contain interface procedures (often called stubs). This allows your application to call stored procedures in an Oracle database directly, without requiring an anonymous PL/SQL block. The interface procedures can be time-stamped, so if the stored procedure is recompiled after the interface procedure was generated, a runtime error occurs.
SQL*Module can also generate stored procedures in a database, by compiling Module Language files, and storing the procedures as part of stored packages, with the appropriate interface mechanism automatically provided in the package's procedure declarations.
The SQL language was designed to operate on entities in a relational database. SQL was not designed to be a general-purpose programming language, and, in fact, it is conceptually very different from 3GLs such as Ada or C. Some of these differences are:
SQL is a non-procedural database manipulation language, hence it deals with database objects, such as tables, rows, columns, and cursors. A third-generation language deals with data structures such as scalar variables, arrays, records, and lists.
SQL has a limited ability to express complicated computational operations.
SQL does not provide the procedural capabilities (such as flow of control statements) that are required to implement efficient programs.
To achieve maximum flexibility when creating large applications, you must combine SQL with host procedural programming language statements. There are several ways to do this, and these are discussed briefly in the next section.
One way to use a procedural language to access data in a relational database is to embed SQL statements directly in a program written in a host 3GL such as C or C++. After the program is coded, you use a precompiler to translate the SQL statements into calls to a runtime library that processes the SQL, and submits the SQL statements to the database.
See Figure 1-1, "Developing with the Precompilers" for details of this process.
While embedded SQL is very useful, it can have drawbacks when very large applications are being developed. There are several reasons for this:
Use of embedded SQL requires study of the technical details of the precompiler.
SQL code does not follow the syntactic and semantic constraints of the host language, and can confuse specialized tools, such as syntax-directed editors and "lint" programs.
When the precompiler processes code that contains embedded SQL, it introduces extra data structures and code in the generated output code, making source-level debugging more difficult.
Techniques for error handling and recovery in embedded SQL programs can be difficult to understand and apply, and subtle bugs can arise when developers do not appreciate all the problems involved in embedded SQL error handling.
shows how you develop applications using the Oracle precompilers.
Figure 1-1 Developing with the Precompilers
The ANSI SQL standards committee defined the embedded SQL standard in two steps. A formalism called Module Language was defined, then the embedded SQL standard was derived from Module Language.
Using Module Language is very straightforward: place all SQL code in a separate module, and define an interface between the module containing the SQL code and the host program written in Ada. At the most concrete level, the interface simply consists of
a standard way of calling Module Language procedures from Ada.
a standard way to return error and warning information
specification of conversions between SQL datatypes (such as DOUBLE PRECISION or SMALLINT) and host language datatypes or derived types defined in a standard package in Ada
It is also possible to develop more abstract interfaces between the host language and Module Language. One example of this is the SAMeDL (SQL Ada Module Description Language) developed at Carnegie Mellon and the Software Engineering Institute.
shows how you would develop an application using SQL standard Module Language.
Figure 1-2 Developing with Module Language
A Module Language compiler such as SQL*Module generates a call-level interface to procedures defined within a module, allowing them to be called like any other host language procedure. Details of the implementation of these procedures are hidden from the application.
The most immediate benefit of this approach is specialization. By separating SQL and the host language, an application developer can focus on using the host language to perform application tasks, and a database developer can focus on using SQL to perform database tasks.
The developer of the application does not need to know SQL. The procedures to be called can be treated as canned routines that return variables of well defined datatypes in the host language. Error handling becomes straightforward, since all module procedures can return a single error indicator.
shows the operation of SQL*Module when it is used to compile SQL standard modules. The module file contains a preamble, defining the host 3GL to be Ada, and two simple procedures in Module Language. When SQL*Module compiles this module, it produces two output files: a source code output file, that contains calls to the runtime library SQLLIB that do the work of accessing the database, and a specification file that declares the procedures in the source code file.
You include the specification files in the host application code that calls the module procedures, using the appropriate language-specific mechanism.
In addition to its role as a Module Language compiler, SQL*Module can also build host language interfaces to procedures that are stored in an Oracle database.
shows schematically how SQL*Module functions as an interface builder. The compiler extracts the interfaces to stored procedures, and creates an Ada output file that contains calls to the procedures. Your Ada application then accesses the stored procedures in the database by calling these interface procedures.
When you create interface procedure files (output files that contain interface procedures for calling stored procedures), you can choose either early binding or late binding.
The early binding option creates a time stamp in the interface procedure for the time that the stored procedure was last compiled. If the stored procedure has been recompiled after the interface procedure was generated, a runtime error is generated when the interface procedure is called from the host application.
The late binding option calls the stored procedure through an anonymous PL/SQL block, and no time stamp is used. See "Early and Late Binding" for more information about binding.
Figure 1-4 SQL*Module as an Interface Builder
SQL*Module supports international standards for Module Language. Refer to the Preface to this Guide for more information about supported standards. In addition, Oracle has extended the current standard in several ways. For example, datatype conversions between Oracle datatypes and Ada datatypes are defined, comments can be used in a module, and so forth. Chapter 2, "Module Language" describes the Module Language capabilities of SQL*Module in detail. A compile time option, the FIPS flagger, is available to flag use of non-standard extensions to Module Language and to SQL.
In addition to the complete Module Language standard, SQL*Module also provides a way for a host application to access PL/SQL stored procedures in an Oracle database. If a package exists in an Oracle database that contains procedures, you can use SQL*Module to build interface procedures corresponding to the PL/SQL procedures in the package. Thus the application can call the stored procedures directly.
SQL*Module generates code and specification files that can be compiled with the Ada compiler.
You can compile your stored procedures or modules to get an interface procedures file and call the modules directly from an Ada host program.
DDL (data definition language) is not supported.
DML (Data Manipulation Language) statements other than SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT are not supported.
Transaction control statements other than COMMIT and ROLLBACK, and CONNECT and DISCONNECT are not supported.
This chapter describes SQL standard Module Language, including Oracle's extensions to standard Module Language. It discusses the following topics:
This chapter does not cover the use of SQL*Module to provide interfaces to stored procedures. See Chapter 3, "Accessing Stored Procedures" for information about calling stored procedures from a host application.
A module is a single file that contains
optional cursor declarations for use by queries that can return multiple rows of data
definitions of procedures to be called by the host application
The easiest way to see how a module is constructed is to look at an example. The small module contains a cursor declaration, procedures that open and close the cursor, and a procedure that uses the cursor to fetch data from the familiar EMP table. Two consecutive dashes (- -) begin a comment, which continues to the end of the line. Case is not significant.
|
Note: For simplicity in demonstrating this feature, this example does not perform the password management techniques that a deployed system normally uses. In a production environment, follow the Oracle Database password management guidelines, and disable any sample accounts. See Oracle Database Security Guide for password management guidelines and other security recommendations. |
-- the preamble (contains three clauses)
--
MODULE EXAMPLE1_MOD -- Define a module named example1_mod.
LANGUAGE Ada -- The procedures are compiled into
-- Ada, and called from an
-- Ada application.
AUTHORIZATION SCOTT/TIGER -- Use Scott's tables.
-- His password is "tiger"
-- (the password does not have to
-- be specified in the module file).
-- Declare a cursor for a SELECT statement that
-- fetches four columns from the EMP table.
-- dept_number will be specified
-- in the procedure that opens the cursor.
DECLARE cursor1 CURSOR FOR
SELECT ename, empno, sal, comm
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = :dept_number
-- Define a procedure named "open_cursor1" to open the cursor.
-- After the procedure name is a comma separated parameter list
-- enclosed in ()'s.
PROCEDURE open_cursor1 (
:dept_number INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
OPEN cursor1;
-- The "fetch_emp_data" procedure gets data from the cursor.
-- SQLCODE will return as 100 when there
-- is no more data.
PROCEDURE fetch_emp_data (
:empno INTEGER,
:empname VARCHAR2(10),
:sal REAL,
:commission REAL,
:comm_ind SMALLINT,
SQLCODE);
-- the SQL command is a FETCH on the cursor
FETCH cursor1
INTO :empname,
:empno,
:sal,
:commission INDICATOR :comm_ind;
-- Define a procedure to close the cursor.
PROCEDURE close_cursor1 (SQLCODE);
CLOSE cursor1;
-- Connect to a database
PROCEDURE do_connect (
:dbname VARCHAR2(12),
:username VARCHAR2(12),
:passwd VARCHAR2(12),
SQLCODE);
CONNECT TO :dbname USER :username USING :passwd;
-- Disconnect
PROCEDURE do_disconnect (SQLCODE);
DISCONNECT CURRENT;
|
Note: If you are familiar with the syntax of SQL89 Module Language, you should note that the newer SQL92 syntax is used in this example. This includes parentheses around a comma separated parameter list, colons before parameters, and use of the INDICATOR keyword. This syntax is supported by the current release of SQL*Module, and is used throughout this Guide. |
In this example, the LANGUAGE clause (in the second line of the module) specifies "Ada". This module will be compiled into Ada code. For SQL*Module, this clause is optional. When present, it is, in effect, a comment.
When SQL*Module compiles this module, it transforms the procedures into Ada language procedures that open the cursor and call library routines to fetch the data. SQL*Module also generates a package specification file, which must be compiled into the Ada library and referenced in the host application using a with context clause. See Chapter 5, "Running SQL*Module" in this Guide for information on running SQL*Module, and Chapter 6, "Demonstration Programs" for information about Ada specification files.
To complete the example, a short Ada program that calls the procedures defined in the module file in "An Example Module" follows.
-- Include TEXT_IO,SQL_STANDARD and EXAMPLE1_MOD package specs.
with
SQL_STANDARD,
TEXT_IO,
EXAMPLE1_MOD;
use
SQL_STANDARD;
-- Define the main procedure.
procedure EXAMPLE1_DRV is
-- Instantiate new packages for I/O on SQL_STANDARD datatypes.
package STD_INT_IO is
new text_io.integer_io(SQL_STANDARD.INT);
use STD_INT_IO;
package SQLCODE_IO is
new text_io.integer_io(SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE);
use SQLCODE_IO;
package STD_FLOAT_IO is
new text_io.float_io(SQL_STANDARD.REAL);
use STD_FLOAT_IO;
-- Begin with declarations of all program variables,
-- including parameters for the module procedures.
SERVICE_NAME : string(1..12)
:= "INST1_ALIAS ";
USERNAME : string(1..12)
:= "SCOTT ";
PASSWORD : string(1..12)
:= "TIGER ";
DEPT_NUMBER : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
EMPLOYEE_NUMBER : SQL_STANDARD.INT;
EMPLOYEE_NAME : string(1..10);
SALARY : SQL_STANDARD.REAL;
COMMISSION : SQL_STANDARD.REAL;
COMM_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT;
SQLCODE : SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE;
LENGTH : integer;
CONNECT_ERROR : exception;
SQLCODE_ERROR : exception;
begin
-- Call a module procedure to connect
-- to the Oracle server.
EXAMPLE1_MOD.DO_CONNECT
(SERVICE_NAME, USERNAME, PASSWORD, SQLCODE);
-- Test SQLCODE to see if the connect succeeded.
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
raise CONNECT_ERROR;
end if;
TEXT_IO.NEW_LINE(2);
-- Get an input value from user to use
-- in opening the cursor.
TEXT_IO.PUT("Enter department number: ");
STD_INT_IO.GET(DEPT_NUMBER);
TEXT_IO.NEW_LINE;
-- Call the module procedure to open the cursor.
-- You open the cursor using the input parameter (dept_number).
EXAMPLE1_MOD.OPEN_CURSOR1(DEPT_NUMBER, SQLCODE);
-- If SQLCODE indicates error, call exception handler.
if SQLCODE < 0 then
raise SQLCODE_ERROR;
end if;
TEXT_IO.PUT_LINE("Employee ID Number Salary Commission");
TEXT_IO.PUT("----------------------------------------");
-- Call the FETCH procedure in a loop, to get
-- the employee data.
loop
EXAMPLE1_MOD.FETCH_EMP_DATA
(EMPLOYEE_NUMBER,
EMPLOYEE_NAME,
SALARY,
COMMISSION,
COMM_IND,
SQLCODE);
TEXT_IO.NEW_LINE;
-- When SQLCODE = 100, no more rows to fetch.
exit when SQLCODE = 100;
-- When SQLCODE less than 0, an error occurred.
if SQLCODE < 0 then
raise SQLCODE_ERROR;
end if;
TEXT_IO.PUT(string(EMPLOYEE_NAME));
STD_INT_IO.PUT(EMPLOYEE_NUMBER, WIDTH => 9);
STD_FLOAT_IO.PUT(SALARY, FORE => 6, AFT => 2, EXP => 0);
if COMM_IND = 0 then
STD_FLOAT_IO.PUT(COMMISSION, FORE => 9, AFT => 2, EXP => 0);
else
TEXT_IO.PUT(" Null");
end if;
end loop;
TEXT_IO.NEW_LINE(2);
-- Call the procedure to close the cursor.
EXAMPLE1_MOD.CLOSE_CURSOR1(SQLCODE);
-- Call the procedure to disconnect.
EXAMPLE1_MOD.DO_DISCONNECT(SQLCODE);
-- Handle the error exception.
exception
when SQLCODE_ERROR =>
TEXT_IO.NEW_LINE(2);
TEXT_IO.PUT("Error fetching data, SQLCODE returns ");
PUT(SQLCODE);
TEXT_IO.NEW_LINE(2);
when CONNECT_ERROR =>
TEXT_IO.PUT("Connect failure to " &
string(SERVICE_NAME));
TEXT_IO.NEW_LINE(2);
end EXAMPLE1_DRV;
This example demonstrates several important points about SQL*Module:
The types of the parameters in the module procedures are SQL datatypes, for example SMALLINT and REAL, not Ada datatypes.
Parameters are passed to the generated output code procedures in the normal way. Refer to Chapter 6, "Demonstration Programs" for specific information concerning parameter passing conventions.
The error status of a call is returned in the SQLCODE or SQLSTATE parameter. There must be a SQLCODE or SQLSTATE status parameter somewhere in the parameter list of each Module Language procedure. See the section "Status Parameters" for more information.
This section is an informal guide to Module Language syntax, including Oracle's extensions to the language. See Appendix B to this Guide for a formal description of Module Language syntax.
A module is contained in a single file and consists of
a preamble
zero or more cursor declarations
one or more procedure definitions
The preamble is a set of clauses at the beginning of a module file that describes the module. The clauses are
MODULE
LANGUAGE
AUTHORIZATION
The MODULE clause provides a name to the module. The argument is the module name, which must be a legal SQL identifier.
|
Note: A SQL identifier is a string containing only the 26 letters A through Z, the digits 0 through 9, and the underscore ("_"). The identifier must start with a letter, and cannot be longer than 30 characters (18 characters to comply with the SQL89 standard). You can use lowercase letters (a..z), but a SQL identifier is not case sensitive. So, the identifiers "THIS_IDENTIFIER" and "this_identifier" are equivalent. The characters'$' and'#' are also allowed in a SQL identifier, but you should avoid using them, as they have special meaning in many languages and operating systems. |
The module name must be supplied. The module name must be the same as the name of the Ada library unit that you use when you store the Ada-compiled output in your Ada library.
The LANGUAGE clause specifies the target language. It takes one argument — the language name, which must be Ada (case is not significant).
The LANGUAGE clause is optional in SQL*Module. See Chapter 5, "Running SQL*Module" for more information about running SQL*Module.
The AUTHORIZATION clause can determine, or help to determine, the database and schema that SQL*Module uses at compile time.
The argument to the AUTHORIZATION clause can take any one of the following four forms:
- scott
the username plus a password, the two separated by a slash: scott/tiger
- scott/tiger
the username plus a database to connect to:
scott@{instance_alias | net8_connection_string}
}
a full specification, consisting of the username, a password, and the database to connect to: scott/tiger@{instance_alias | net8_connection_string}
- scott/tiger@{instance_alias | net8_connection_string}
The instance_alias is an alias containing a database name defined in the tnsnames.ora file. For more information, talk to your database administrator, or see the manual Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide.
If you do not include the password in the AUTHORIZATION clause, you can specify it when you run SQL*Module, using the USERID command line option. If you do not specify a USERID value that contains a password, SQL*Module prompts you for a password. If a database name is not supplied, SQL*Module connects using the default database for the specified user.
An application that calls module procedures is in effect submitting SQL cursor declarations and SQL statements to Oracle for processing at runtime. The application runs with the privileges of the user executing the application, not the schema specified either in the AUTHORIZATION clause or at runtime, when the Module Language code was compiled by SQL*Module.
So, when the application is executed, the user must be able to connect to the database using the same schema as that specified when the modules were compiled, in order to guarantee access to all database objects referenced in the modules.
When a query can return multiple rows of data, you must declare a cursor for the statement. There are two different kinds of cursor that you can use in Module Language. You can declare an ANSI-standard cursor in your module file, and write module language procedures to OPEN the cursor, FETCH from it, and CLOSE it. Or, you can use a cursor variable. Cursor variables are described in "Cursor Variables".
Using a cursor, you retrieve data one row at a time using the SQL FETCH command. Standard cursors are established in Module Language using the DECLARE CURSOR statement.
The SQL statement in a DECLARE CURSOR clause must not include an INTO clause. The INTO clause is used in the FETCH command in the procedure that references the cursor.
You cannot use parameters when you declare a standard cursor. A placeholder is used instead. Placeholders in a cursor declaration must correspond by name to the parameters in the procedure that opens the cursor.
Note the way the variable dept_number is used in the following module fragment, taken from the example used earlier in this chapter:
DECLARE cursor1 CURSOR FOR
SELECT ename, empno, sal, comm
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = :dept_number
PROCEDURE open_cursor1 (:dept_number INTEGER, SQLCODE);
OPEN cursor1;
The cursor declaration is NOT terminated with a semicolon. If it is, SQL*Module generates a syntax error.
A procedure definition consists of a
procedure name
parameter list
single SQL statement
The procedure name is a SQL identifier, and should also be a legal Ada identifier. Procedure names must be unique in the application.
Each procedure in a module must have a distinct name. The procedure name space extends over all modules of an application, so when the application uses more than one module, each procedure must still have a distinct name.
The parameter list contains one or more formal parameters. Each parameter must have a distinct name, which is a SQL identifier. One of the parameters must be a status parameter: SQLSTATE or SQLCODE. It can appear anywhere in the parameter list. You can include both. See "Status Parameters" for more information about status parameters.
In SQL89 Module Language, you defined a procedure using the syntax
PROCEDURE proc_name
<param_1> <datatype_1>
<param_2> <datatype_2>
SQLCODE;
<sql_statement>;
where <param_n> is a formal parameter name and <datatype_n> is a SQL datatype. Following the SQL92 standard, SQL*Module allows the syntax
PROCEDURE proc_name (
:<param_1> <datatype_1>,
:<param_2> <datatype_2>,
SQLSTATE | SQLCODE );
<sql_statement>;
where the parameter list is surrounded by parentheses, and parameters are separated by commas.
|
Note: You cannot mix SQL89 and SQL92 syntax. If you separate the elements of the parameter list using commas, you must also place parentheses around the parameter list. |
When SQL*Module generates the output procedures, the formal parameters appear with the same names, and in the same order, as they appear in the module procedure. You can use the parameter access conventions appropriate for the Ada language when calling the output procedure from the application. Thus, Ada programmers can use named parameter association in place of, or in addition to, positional parameter association.
The following table lists the SQL and Oracle datatypes that you can use in a module parameter list. For more information about arrays, see "Arrays as Procedure Arguments".
Table 2-1 Datatypes
| SQL Datatype | Meaning |
|---|---|
|
CHARACTER |
single character |
|
CHARACTER(L) |
character string of length L bytes |
|
DOUBLE PRECISION |
approximate numeric |
|
INTEGER |
exact numeric, no fractional part |
|
REAL |
approximate numeric |
|
SMALLINT |
exact numeric, no fractional part, equal to or smaller in range than INTEGER |
|
Oracle Datatype | |
|
VARCHAR2(L) |
variable-length character string of length L bytes |
|
SQL*Module Datatypes: SQL_CURSOR SQL_CONTEXT ARRAY(N) OF SQL_CURSOR ARRAY(N) OF CHARACTER ARRAY(N) OF CHARACTER(L) ARRAY(N) OF DOUBLE PRECISION ARRAY(N) OF INTEGER ARRAY(N) OF REAL ARRAY(N) OF SMALLINT ARRAY(N) OF VARCHAR2(L) |
cursor variable type task context Arrays of SQL Datatypes shown. N is the number of elements. |
|
Note: CHARACTER can be abbreviated CHAR. INTEGER can be abbreviated INT. |
The SQL standard for Module Language allows the use of only a subset of the SQL datatypes for Ada.
|
Note: All parameters for Module Language procedures must be scalars, arrays, or strings. Records and access types are not supported. |
Module Language supports the following SQL statements:
ALLOCATE
CLOSE
COMMIT
CONNECT TOs
CONTEXT ALLOCATE
CONTEXT FREE
DELETE
DISCONNECT
ENABLE THREADS
FETCH
INSERT
OPEN
ROLLBACK
SELECT
SET CONNECTION
UPDATE
The DELETE and UPDATE commands may be either searched (the normal mode) or positioned (using the WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor_name> clause). You can use the OPEN command only for ANSI-standard cursors. You must open cursor variables on the Oracle Server, using PL/SQL code.
In general, Module Language is not case sensitive. You can enter keywords and identifiers in any mixture of uppercase and lowercase. However, case is significant in character string literals.
Text in a module file is free form. White space (spaces, tabs, and new lines) can be placed anywhere in the file to improve readability. The only exception to this is that identifiers, keywords, and string literals cannot be continued to a new line.
The maximum length of a line in a module is 512 characters.
SQL*Module allows comments in a module file. You can place comments anywhere that white space can appear, except in string literals.
There are two comment styles: SQL-style comments and C-style comments. A SQL-style comment starts with two consecutive dashes, which can appear anywhere on a line, and ends at the end of the line. For example:
-- This is a SQL(or Ada)style comment. -- For multiline comments, you must place the comment -- dashes on each line.
A C-style comment begins with a slash immediately followed by an asterisk (/*), and ends at the next occurrence of an asterisk immediately followed by a slash (*/). C-style comments can span more than one line. C-style comments cannot be nested.
The following example demonstrates the C-style comment:
/* * This comment style is often used to * introduce a procedure. */
You use indicator parameters to set the null/not null status of another (associated) parameter, or to "indicate" if a column value retrieved on a query was null. In the module procedure parameter list, an indicator parameter always has a SMALLINT type. In the SQL statement, the indicator parameter follows the associated parameter, with no comma separation. The SQL92 standard allows the keyword INDICATOR to be used to separate the indicator parameter and its associated parameter.
In the following example, grade_indic is an indicator parameter:
PROCEDURE get_grade (
:grade REAL,
:grade_indic SMALLINT,
:class_number INTEGER,
:student_id INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
SELECT grade
INTO :grade INDICATOR :grade_indic
FROM enrollment
WHERE class_no = :class_number AND student_id = :student_id;
Following the SQL89 standard, the SELECT statement would be written without the INDICATOR keyword, as follows:
SELECT grade
INTO :grade :grade_indic
FROM enr7Dollment
WHERE class_no = :class_number AND student_id = :student_id;
SQL*Module allows both uses of indicator parameters.
When an indicator parameter is returned from a procedure (an OUT parameter), as in the query example, its returned value has the following meanings:
-1
The Oracle column or expression is null. The value of the associated parameter (grade in this example) is indeterminate.
0
Oracle assigned a column or expression value to the associated parameter.
> 0
For character data, Oracle passes a truncated column value in the associated parameter. The value of the indicator parameter shows the original length of the value in the database column.
When indicator parameters are passed as IN parameters, you must set the value in your Ada program. A value of -1 means that Oracle will assign null to the column (regardless of the value of the associated parameter), and a value of zero or greater means that Oracle will use the value of the associated parameter in the UPDATE or INSERT command. Positive values greater than zero have no special meaning; they are equivalent to zero.
|
Caution: If you try to assign a null to a database column that has the NOT NULL constraint, an Oracle error is returned at runtime. |
The following code fragment shows an Ada driver that calls a Module Language procedure with a null indicator parameter value:
with SQL_STANDARD; procedure DRV is SQLCODE : SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE; EMPLOYEE : string(1..10) := "SCOTT "; COMMISSION : SQL_STANDARD.REAL := 2000.0; COMM_IND : SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT := -1; begin . . . UPDATE_COMMISSION(EMPLOYEE, COMMISSION, COMM_IND, SQLCODE); . . . end;
The corresponding Module Language procedure is:
PROCEDURE update_commission (
:employee_name VARCHAR2(10),
:commission REAL,
:comm_ind SMALLINT,
SQLCODE);
UPDATE emp SET comm = :commission INDICATOR :comm_ind
WHERE ename = :employee_name;
In this example, the parameter commission with a value of 2000.0 is passed to the update_commission procedure. But, since the indicator parameter is set to -1, employee Scott's commission is set to null in the EMP table.
There are two special status parameters: SQLSTATE and SQLCODE. The status parameters return values to the calling Ada application that show if
the procedure completed without error
an exception occurred, such as ''no data found''
an error occurred
You can place either one or both of the status parameters anywhere in the parameter list. They are always shown last in this Guide, but that is just an informal coding convention. The status parameters are not preceded by a colon, and they do not take a datatype specification. You cannot directly access the status parameters in the SQL statement in the procedure; they are set by SQL*Module.
SQLSTATE is the preferred status parameter; SQLCODE is retained for compatibility with older standards.
For more information about the status parameters and the values they return, see "Error Handling".
SQL*Module compile time error messages have the MOD prefix. The codes and messages are listed in Oracle Database Error Messages.
The connect statement associates a program with a database, and sets the current connection. The syntax of the command is shown in the following syntax diagram. Key words, which you must spell exactly as shown, are in upper case; tokens you supply are in lower case. If a clause is optional, it is shown off the main path, which flows to from left to right. For a more complete discussion of syntax diagrams, see Appendix B, "Module Language Syntax".
A db-env (database environment) is a Oracle Net connect string or instance-alias. The conn-name (connection name) is optional. For multiple connections, you must specify the connection names. You can omit it if you will only use a single connection. The USING clause is optional. A passwd is the password.
Connecting as DEFAULT results in a connection to Oracle by using either TWO_TASK (if it applies to your operating system) or ORACLE_SID and the account specified by the parameter os_authent_prefix in your file init.ora. The optional token passwd is the password.
The ANSI SQL92 standard does not allow db-env to be optional. This is an Oracle extension (which will be flagged by the FIPS option) which enables a connection to the default server as a specific user.
You must use Oracle Net in SQL*Module applications. Note that passwd can only be a variable and not a character string literal. All other variables can be either a character string literal or a variable previously defined, preceded by ":".
Here is a illustrative code fragment from a module named demo.mad, which contains the following procedure to do a connect:
...
PROCEDURE ora_connect (:dbid VARCHAR2(14),
:dbname VARCHAR2(14),
:uid VARCHAR2(14),
:pwd VARCHAR2(14),
SQLCODE);
CONNECT TO :dbid AS :dbname USER :uid USING :pwd;
...
An Ada application can contain these statements to do the connect:
...
pwd : constant string := "tiger";
...
DEMO.ORA_CONNECT("inst1","RMT1","scott",PWD,SQLCODE);
if SQLCODE /= 0 then
...
For more information, see the Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide.
The disconnect command ends an association between an application and a database environment. It can be summarized as:
DISCONNECT { connection-name | ALL | CURRENT | DEFAULT}
The full ANSI semantics are not followed. Instead of raising an exception condition if the connection has an active transaction, the transaction is (implicitly) rolled back and the connection(s) disconnected.
DISCONNECT ALL only disconnects connections which are established by SQLLIB (that is, by SQL*Module).
DISCONNECT DEFAULT and DISCONNECT connection-name terminate only the specified connection.
DISCONNECT CURRENT terminates the connection regarded by SQLLIB as the "current connection" (either the last connection established or the last connection specified in a SET CONNECTION statement).
After the current connection is disconnected, you must execute a set connection or a connect statement to establish a new current connection. Then you can execute any statement that requires a valid database connection.
You must explicitly commit or roll back the current transaction before disconnecting. If you do not commit the transaction before disconnecting, or if the program exits before committing, the current transaction is automatically rolled back.
Here is an example of two procedures from the module demo.mad illustrating the disconnect command:
...
PROCEDURE ora_disconnect (:dbname VARCHAR2(14),
SQLCODE) ;
DISCONNECT :dbname;
...
PROCEDURE ora_commit(SQLCODE);
COMMIT WORK;
these procedures are called from your application as follows:
...
DEMO.ORA_COMMIT(SQLCODE);
DEMO.ORA_DISCONNECT("RMT1", SQLCODE);
...
A required commit command was executed using the procedure ora_commit (which is also in the file demo.mad) just before the disconnect.
Starting with release 8.0, multi-tasking Ada programs are supported by SQL*Module. The new commands that you use in a multi-tasking program are described in the following sections:
This command initializes the process for later use with Ada tasks. It must be called prior to the creation of any Ada tasks. It is:
ENABLE THREADS;
The datatype SQL_CONTEXT is used to support multi-tasking applications. It points to SQLLIB's runtime context. You pass the context as a parameter to SQL*Module procedures. If it is passed, then it indicates which SQLLIB runtime context will be used for execution. If no SQL_CONTEXT parameter is passed, then SQL*Module uses the global runtime context of SQLLIB.
For example, here is a procedure that uses SQL_CONTEXT:
PROCEDURE seldept (:ctx SQL_CONTEXT,
:dno INTEGER,
SQLCODE);
SELECT deptno INTO :dno FROM emp WHERE dname = 'SALES';
In this example, the select statement will use the runtime context pointed to by the variable ctx. ctx must have been previously allocated in a CONTEXT ALLOCATE statement. Note that you never reference the SQL_CONTEXT variable directly. It appears only in the code that SQL*Module generates.
This command allocates storage in memory for a SQLLIB runtime context that is used to support multi-tasking. An example is:
CONTEXT ALLOCATE :ctxvar;
ctxvar is of type SQL_CONTEXT. If sufficient storage is available, ctxvar will contain the address of the runtime context. Otherwise, ctxvar will be zero and an error will be returned in the provided status variables.
CONTEXT FREE frees all storage associated with the SQLLIB runtime context. It does not disconnect any active connection. Prior to deallocating the runtime context, you must execute the DISCONNECT command for each active connection.
The CONTEXT FREE statement always succeeds and ctxvar is zero after execution. If the context is ctxvar, then, an example is:
CONTEXT FREE :ctxvar;
Here is part of a module, adademo.mad:
PROCEDURE enable_threads (SQLCODE);
ENABLE THREADS;
PROCEDURE allocate_context (:ctx SQL_CONTEXT, SQLCODE);
CONTEXT ALLOCATE :ctx;
PROCEDURE free_context (:ctx SQL_CONTEXT, SQLCODE);
CONTEXT FREE :ctx;
PROCEDURE disconn_db (:ctx SQL_CONTEXT,
:dbname VARCHAR2(14),
SQLCODE);
DISCONNECT :dbname;
these procedures are called as follows:
with ADADEMO;
-- Declare contexts CTX1, CTX2
...
ADADEMO.ENABLE_THREADS(SQLCODE):
ADADEMO.ALLOCATE_CONTEXT(CTX1, SQLCODE);
ADADEMO.ALLOCATE_CONTEXT(CTX2, SQLCODE);
-- Spawn tasks that process data:
...
An example of explicitly disconnecting and freeing contexts is:
-- After processing data:
...
ADADEMO.DISCONN_DB(CTX1, DBNAM1);
ADADEMO.DISCONN_DB(CTX2, DBNAM2);
ADADEMO.FREE_CONTEXT(CTX1);
ADADEMO.FREE_CONTEXT(CTX2);
The illustration shows the development cycle for a precompiler application. In step one, you begin with a source file containing embedded SQL and included files such as SQLCA. In step two, you run these through the Oracle Precompiler and it generates host language program files. In step three you run these program files through a host language compiler to generate object files. In step four, you run the host linker on the object files and the SQL library (SQLLIB) to generate the application. The application exchanges data with the Oracle8 Server. The server also provides syntactic and semantic checking for the precompiler.
PKh PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/sqa80005.htmiThe illustration shows how to access a stored procedure. You use SQL*Module to compile an interface procedure stub with RPC_GENERATE set to YES. This stub can communicate with the host application and with the Oracle8 server.
PKogn i PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adaauth.htmeThe illustration shows the syntax for the authorization clause. It begins with the mandatory keyword AUTHORIZATION, followed by the mandatory username. The password is optional, and is preceded by a forward slash. The database name is optional and is preceded by an @ symbol.
PK̸ PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adapar.htmIThe illustration shows the syntax for the parameter list. The entire thing is enclosed in parenthesis. The syntax begins with a list of parameters, separated by commas. Each entry begins with a colon, followed by the parameter name. This is then followed by either the SQL_CONTEXT keyword, or a type declaration, type_dcl. Type_dcl is explained in the next graphic. The type declaration may be preceded by an array signifier. The array signifier is the keyword ARRAY followed by a number in parentheses followed by the keyword OF. The parameter list is followed by a comma and then one of the following: The SQLSTATE keyword or the SQLCODE keyword, or the SQLSTATE and SQLCODE keywords separated by a comma.
PK /N I PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adapre.htm;The illustration shows the preamble syntax. The keyword MODULE is mandatory, followed by the optional mod_name, the optional language clause, and the mandatory authorization clause.
PKW8@ ; PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adalang.htmThe illustration shows the syntax for the language clause. It contains the mandatory keyword LANGUAGE, followed by the mandatory keyword ADA.
PKt6 PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adawith.htmwThe illustration shows the syntax of a procedure declaration that includes a WITH INTERFACE clause. The declaration begins with the keyword PROCEDURE followed by the procedure_name. next comes a parameter list which is enclosed in parentheses. Each element in the list consists of the param_formal_name, followed by an optional mode, followed by the pl/sql_datatype. Multiple list items must be separated by commas. The mode attribute is described later in the chapter. After the parameter list come the keywords WITH INTERFACE PROCEDURE, followed by the interface_procedure_name. This is followed by a left parenthesis and then one or more int_param_formal_name elements. There are no commas between the elements, and the syntax is defined in the next graphic. The final item in the decoration is either the keywords SQLCODE INTEGER, followed by a right parenthesis and a semicolon, or the keywords SQLSTATE CHARACTER, followed by a 5 in parenthesis, followed by a closing right parenthesis and a semicolon.
PKsCx| w PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/amd80002.htmPThe illustration shows the process for using SQL*Module as an interface builder. The process is divided into two main stages: development and compilation. During development, an Ada application developer creates application source files, and a PL/SQL developer creates PL/SQL stored procedures. During the compilation phase, the stored procedures are fed to an Oracle8 server which works with the SQL*Module compiler to derive interface procedures from stored procedures. The SQL*Module compiler produces specification files and host languages generated code. These outputs are put into the Ada compiler, along with the application source files created by the Ada application developer. This generates an Ada runtime library. Using the ORACLE_SQLLIB package, the runtime library and the SQLLIB SQL library are run through the host linker, which generates the application. The application exchanges data with an Oracle8 Server and also provides it with procedure calls.
PKBD&U P PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adatyp.htmThe illustration shows the syntax for the type_dcl section of the parameter list described in the previous graphic. Type_dcl can take on one of the following seven values: Option 1 is the keyword CHARACTER followed by an optional length value in parentheses. The length value must be greater than 1 and less than 32,500. Option 2 is the keyword DOUBLE_PRECISION. Option 3 is the keyword INTEGER. Option 4 is the keyword REAL. Option 5 is the keyword SMALLINT. Option 6 is the keyword VARCHAR2, followed by a required length value in parentheses. The length value must be greater than 1 and less than 32,500. Option 7 is the keyword SQL_CURSOR.
PK8C PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adaipfn.htmThe illustration shows the definition of the in_formal_name parameter of the preceding graphic. it begins with the parame_name, followed by the sql_datatype. it may end there, or you may include the following optional set of elements: the keyword INDICATOR followed by ind_param_name, followed by a comma, followed by ind_param_name, followed by the keyword SMALLINT.
PK7 PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adamode.htmzThe illustration shows the syntax of the mode attribute of the procedure declaration described in the illustration adawith.gif. The mode attribute is either IN or OUT or IN OUT. If you choose to omit a value, the value is set to IN by default.
PK+< z PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/amd80003.htmThe illustration shows that a compiled module file generates a specifications file and a source code file as output.
PK$Ә PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adacur.htmfThe illustration shows the syntax for the authorization clause. It begins with the mandatory keyword AUTHORIZATION, followed by the mandatory username. The password is optional, and is preceded by a forward slash. The database name is optional and is preceded by an @ symbol.
PK댞 PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/amd80001.htm!The illustration shows the development cycle using module language. The process is divided into two main stages: development and compilation. During development, an Ada application developer creates application source files, and a SQL application developer creates module language procedures. During the compilation phase, the module language procedures are run through the SQL*Module compiler, which produces specification files and host languages generated code. These outputs are put into the Ada compiler, along with the application source files created by the Ada application developer. This generates an Ada runtime library. Using the ORACLE_SQLLIB package, the runtime library and the SQLLIB SQL library are run through the host linker, which generates the application. The application exchanges data with an Oracle8 Server. The server also exchanges compilation and semantic checking with the SQL*Module compiler.
PK& ! PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adaconn.htm_The illustration shows the syntax for the CONNECT statement. There are two main options. The syntax for the first option is CONNECT TO DEFAULT. In the second option, you can provide additional details. The syntax for the second option begins with the words CONNECT TO, followed by an optional db-env parameter, followed by an optional AS conn-name parameter, followed by the keyword USER and the required usernam parameter, followed by the optional USING passwd parameter.
PK$d _ PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/sqlstate.htmEThe figure illustrates the SQLSTATE coding scheme.
PK('п PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adamod.htm>The syntax illustration is explained by the following text.
PK,A/ PK a9A OEBPS/img_text/adaproc.htm|The illustration shows the syntax for a procedure definition. It begins with the keyword PROCEDURE, followed by the procedure_name, followed by the parameter_list, followed by a semi-colon, followed by the sql_statement, followed by a semicolon.
PKk!ׁ | PK a9A OEBPS/appa.htm ?This appendix contains a list of the new features in release 8.0 of SQL*Module for Ada.
CONNECT. (See "CONNECT Statement".)
SET CONNECTION. (See "SET CONNECTION Statement".)
DISCONNECT. (See "DISCONNECT Statement".)
ENABLE THREADS. (See "ENABLE THREADS".)
CONTEXT ALLOCATE. (See "CONTEXT ALLOCATE".)
CONTEXT FREE. (See "CONTEXT FREE".)
New datatype for multi-tasking, SQL_CONTEXT. (See "SQL_CONTEXT Datatype".)
Support for procedure declaration with arrays. (See "Arrays as Procedure Arguments".)
Function for obtaining the rows processed. (See "Obtaining the Number of Rows Processed".)
Function for obtaining error message text. (See "Obtaining Error Message Text".)
Dynamic SQL. (See "Dynamic SQL".)
This appendix contains a complete list of the features of the SQL*Module compiler and its libraries that are system specific.
This section describes the system-specific aspects of the SQL*Module compiler features and their libraries that are system specific.
The Ada compiler that you can use to compile the code generated by SQL*Module is platform specific. See your system-dependent documentation.
Operating systems differ in case sensitivity. See "Case of Package and Procedure Names" for more information.
The location in the directory hierarchy of the SQL*Module executable, the system configuration file, and the SQLLIB and OCILIB libraries can differ from system to system. See "Invoking SQL*Module" and "Configuration Files".
The default filename extensions that SQL*Module generates for output files might vary from platform to platform. See "Output Files".
The default filenames and filename extensions for Ada depend on the supported compiler for your system. See "Source Code Output File" and "Listing File".
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B9 0x\rxDѬ=s=gd) Copyright © 1994-2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD, Opteron, the AMD logo, and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. 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This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications. This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information on content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services. If this document is in prerelease status: This documentation is in prerelease status and is intended for demonstration and preliminary use only. It may not be specific to the hardware on which you are using the software. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to this documentation and will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to the use of this documentation. This appendix describes the syntax of Module Language, using syntax diagrams. For the complete syntax of all SQL statements, including syntax diagrams, see Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference. Syntax diagrams use lines and arrows to show how procedure names, parameters, and other language elements are sequenced to form statements. Follow each diagram in the direction shown by the lines and arrows. In these syntax diagrams, Module Language keywords appear in uppercase; parameters or other variable items appear in lowercase. Delimiters and terminators (such as '(', ',', and so on) appear in their literal form inside circles. If the syntax diagram contains more than one possible path, you must select the path appropriate to your application. If you have the choice of more than one keyword or parameter, your options appear in a vertical list. If any of the parameters in a vertical list appears on the main path, then one of them is required. That is, you must choose one of the parameters, but not necessarily the one that appears on the main path. Single required parameters appear on the main path, that is, on the horizontal line you are currently traveling. If parameters appear in a vertical list the main path, they are optional, that is, you need not choose one of them. In the AUTHORIZATION clause of the module preamble, the username is mandatory, but the password and database to connect to are optional, as shown in this diagram: Loops let you repeat the syntax contained within them as many times as you like. Here is the syntax diagram for a module: Thus, a module consists of a preamble, followed by zero or more cursor declarations, followed by one or more procedures. The syntax of the preamble is: The following diagram shows the syntax of the optional language clause (lang_clause) of the preamble: The following diagram shows the syntax of the AUTHORIZATION clause: The SQL92 syntax for a procedure definition is: where the parameter list is defined as: Where type_dcl is defined as: Length L has values: 1< L<32500. n is the size of the array. You can place the SQLSTATE or the SQLCODE status parameters anywhere in the parameter list; they are conventionally shown at the end of the parameter list in this Guide, as indicated in this syntax diagram. You must include either SQLSTATE (recommended) or SQLCODE (for backward compatibility with SQL89). You can include both, in any order. Do not place a colon before the status parameter, and do not include a datatype after it. The syntax of a procedure declaration that includes a WITH INTERFACE clause is formally defined as: The int_param_formal_name is defined as: The SQL datatype in the WITH INTERFACE clause must be compatible with the corresponding PL/SQL datatype in the procedure declaration parameter list. The syntax of the mode attribute is: If mode is omitted, the value is IN. This chapter describes This section reviews the different ways that you can use the SQL*Module compiler. This material was discussed in detail in Chapter 2, "Module Language" and Chapter 3, "Accessing Stored Procedures"; here it is presented in terms of the ways that you run the compiler, using the command-line options to get different SQL*Module functionality. Input to the compiler can come from two sources: module files written according to the SQL standard Module Language specifications, as described in Chapter 2, "Module Language" of this Guide stored packages and procedures in an Oracle database (see Chapter 3, "Accessing Stored Procedures") You use a standard text editor to create module files, just as you would create a host language application. Stored procedures can be standalone procedures, or they can be encapsulated in a stored package. You normally create PL/SQL code for stored packages and procedures using a text editor, and then store it in a database using an Oracle tool such as SQL*Plus. You can also use SQL*Module to encapsulate Module Language procedures in a package, and store them in the database. The output source file is always the host language code file that SQL*Module generates from the input source. There are also other output files, such as the listing file and specification file. You can run SQL*Module and generate no output source file, for example if you just want to store procedures in the database from a Module Language input file, or you just want to generate a listing file. You compile output source files using the host language compiler, and link the resulting object files together with the host application's object files to produce the executable program. See the section "Compiling and Linking" for more information about handling output files. Note: There are three sources of input for SQL*Module, and four ways to determine the input: When compiling a module written in Module Language, the source is the Module Language code file. When generating RPC stubs from stored procedures, there is no input file. The source of the input is the stored package in the database. When creating a stored package in the database from a Module Language module file, the source is the Module Language file. You can combine methods 1 and 2 in one invocation of SQL*Module. A package in the database is created from the Module Language module file, and an output file that contains RPC stubs to call the database package procedures is produced. Methods 1 and 4 are the most common ways to use SQL*Module. Method 1 is described in Chapter 2, "Module Language" of this Guide, method 2 in Chapter 3, "Accessing Stored Procedures". Methods 3 and 4 are much more specialized, and are described in Chapter 3, "Accessing Stored Procedures". STORE_PACKAGE Determines whether SQL*Module should store a package in the database. RPC_GENERATE Determines whether an interface procedure output file is produced. When you specify the option RPC_GENERATE as YES, the option PNAME specifies the name of the package in the database that provides the input source. Table 5-1 shows the how the command-line option values for STORE_PACKAGE and RPC_GENERATE, together with the values for INAME and PNAME, determine the input source. Table 5-1 Datatypes STORE_ PACKAGE RPC_ GENERATE INAME PNAME (1) Module source file =NO =NO Module file name N/A (2) Procedure already stored in database =NO =YES N/A Stored package or procedure name (3) Module file to create SPs in database =YES =NO Module file name Database package name (if not specified, becomes same as module filename) (4) Store module procedures, then do (2) =YES =YES Module file name Database package name (if not specified, becomes same as module filename) See the section "Command-Line Options" for a detailed description of these options. See the section "Compiling and Linking", for examples that show you how you can use these options. For an explanation of the default file naming conventions, see the sections "Input Files" and "Output Files". You can run the SQL*Module compiler interactively from the operating system command line, from a command in a batch file, or for some operating systems, a makefile. The way you invoke the compiler can be system dependent. See your system-specific Oracle documentation to find out the location on your system of the compiler and associated files, such as configuration files and the SQL runtime library. The name of the SQL*Module compiler itself is modada for Ada. The SQL*Module compiler can be invoked from the operating system command line as follows: where <option=value> is a command-line argument. For example, the command compiles the module file my_test1.mad to produce an output file called my_test1_mod.a. The username is modtest. In this example no password was provided on the command line. As a result, SQL*Module prompts you for one when it starts. SQL*Module requires a valid username and password to compile a Module Language file. The objects referenced in the cursors and procedures in the Module file must be available in the schema named (MODTEST in this example) when you run SQL*Module. When you use SQL*Module to generate interface procedure files that call stored procedures in the database, you must specify the same USERID as the schema that owns the stored procedures. For operating systems that are case sensitive, such as UNIX, the names of the executables are normally in lowercase. For all systems, the names of the options and their values are not case sensitive. In this Guide, the option name is in uppercase, and the value is in lower case. However, when the option value is a filename, and your operating system is case-sensitive, you must enter the filename using the correct combination of upper and lowercase If you provide no command-line arguments, or the only argument is '?', the compiler prints a list of all the options available, with their current default values. For example, the command runs the SQL*Module compiler for Ada and lists each option with its default value. See "Default Values" for information on what determines the defaults. (Be sure to escape the '?' using '\' if you are running on a UNIX system and you are using the C shell.) If you just want to see the default value for a single option, you can issue the command: For example, the command shows the default values for the OUTPUT option for the SQL*Module compiler for Ada. produces a short help display. A complete description of each option is given later in this chapter. The value of an option is a string literal, which can represent text or numeric values. For example, for the option the value is a string literal that specifies a filename. But for the option the value is numeric. Some options take Boolean values, and these may be represented with the strings "yes" or "no", or "true" or "false" (in upper or lowercase). For example: is equivalent to both of which mean that the results of the compilation should be stored as a package in the database. The option value is always separated from the option name by an equals sign, with no whitespace between the name or the value and the equals sign. Some options can take multiple values. Multiple option values are specified in a list. The list is a comma-delimited list of values with surrounding parentheses. Do not put any whitespace in the list. The following option specifies that SQL*Module should generate source code and specification output files, but not listing files: A value list completely supersedes the value list specified by a previous default or option value list. For example, if the system configuration file contains the line and there is no user configuration file, and the command line contains the option then the value of OUTPUT is (CODE,LIST). See the section "Configuration Files" for how default values are determined. If a list-valued option is specified with a single value, that is not in parentheses, the single value is added to the current default list. For example, if the system configuration file contains the line there is no user configuration file that has an OUTPUT= option, and the command line contains the option then "LIST" is appended to the default list, so the value of OUTPUT is (CODE,SPECIFICATION,LIST). Note: If NONE is a member of the OUTPUT list, then nothing would be generated, regardless of other entries in the list. Most of the options have default values. Three things determine the default value: values built into the SQL*Module compiler For example, the option MAXLITERAL specifies the maximum length of strings generated by SQL*Module. The built-in SQL*Module default value for this option is 255 bytes. However, if MAXLITERAL=512 is specified in the system configuration file, the default now becomes 512. The user configuration file could set it to yet another value, which then overrides the system configuration value. Finally, if this option is set on the command line, that value will take precedence over the SQL*Module default, the system configuration file specification, and the user configuration file specification. See "Configuration Files" for more information about these files. Some options, such as USERID, do not have a built-in default value. The built-in default values for options that have them are listed in the section "Command-Line Options". A configuration file is a text file that contains SQL*Module options. Each record or line in the file contains one option, with its associated value or list of values. For example, a configuration file might contain the lines to set defaults for the BINDING and USERID options. There is one systemwide configuration file associated with each system. The system configuration file is usually maintained by the project or group leader, or the database administrator. The location of this file is system specific. For more information, see your project leader, or your system-specific Oracle documentation. If there is no system configuration file, the compiler prints a warning message, but compilation continues normally. In addition, each SQL*Module user can have one or more user (or local) configuration files. To activate the user configuration file, its name and path must be specified using the CONFIG= command-line option. See "Command-Line Options". The user configuration file is optional. The CONFIG= option never specifies the system configuration file. The location of the system configuration file is built into the SQL*Module compiler, and can vary from system to system. A SQL*Module input file is a text file containing Module Language statements. You specify the input filename using the INAME= command-line option. Input files have default file extensions, also referred to as filetypes in some operating systems. However, not all operating systems support file extensions. If your system does not support file extensions, the last few characters of the filename might serve as the extension. Refer to your operating system documentation and to your system-specific Oracle documentation for more information about filenames and file extensions. If you do not specify an extension for the module input file, and your operating system uses file extensions, the compiler assumes a default extension, .mad. SQL*Module can generate four types of output files: a source code file a specification (or header) file a listing file a PL/SQL source file for a stored procedure or a package Source code files contain generated code in the host language. modada generates Ada code. Specification or header files contain declarations for the procedures in the code files This file contains the host language code produced by the compiler. It is a source file in the host language, and you must compile it using your host language compiler to produce an object module. The object modules are in turn linked with the application's object modules and the SQL runtime library to form the executable program. Note: If you do not specify an output code filename when you run modada, the output code filename defaults to a system-specific name. For example, on Sun workstations running the Solaris 1.0 Sun Ada compiler, the command generates an output code file named my_test1.a. On other platforms, a different name might be generated. See your system-specific Oracle documentation for complete information. By default, modada generates a specification or header file. The specification file contains declarations for the procedures in the generated output file. The default specification filename is the name of the input file, or the package name, followed by a system-dependent appendix, followed by a system-dependent file extension. For example, on a Sun workstation running Solaris 1.0, the command generates a default specification output file with the name my_test1s.a. This is the value of iname minus the extension, with "s" appended. On other platforms, the filename appendix and the filename extension might be different. See your system-specific Oracle documentation for complete information. See Chapter 6, "Demonstration Programs" for language-dependent information about the content of specification files. If OUTPUT=LIST, SQL*Module produces a listing of the Module Language source code, with errors, if any, flagged. Error codes and messages are interspersed in the list file, at the point where the SQL*Module parser first detected the error. The line length in the listing file defaults to 255 characters. If no end-of-line character is received before 255 characters are received, a system-specific end-of-line character or character sequence is output. When you are generating interface procedure files from a stored package or procedure, and you specify the option OUTPUT=PACKAGE, SQL*Module generates PL/SQL source code output files. If the output is from a package, two files are generated. One file has the default file extension .pks, and contains the package specification code. The second file has the default extension .pkb, and contains the package body code. See the Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference for more information on package specifications and package bodies. When an option is entered on the command line, its value overrides SQL*Module defaults, any values specified in a configuration file, or values specified in a module file (for example, the AUTHORIZATION clause). The order of precedence is command-line options statements in the module file preamble user configuration file options system configuration file options default options built into the compiler The format of a command-line option is: There should be no whitespace around the equals sign. For example: compiles the input file my_app3_mod.mad to produce an output file named my_app3_mod.a, and a specification file named my_app3_mod_pkgs.a. If the option can take a list of values and more than one value is being supplied, a comma-delimited list of values is placed inside parentheses. For example: There should be no whitespace anywhere in the list. The names as well as arguments of the command-line options can be abbreviated. Instead of you could enter or even since neither "OU", "SPEC", nor "SP" is ambiguous. Filenames and package names cannot be abbreviated. The command-line options, together with their default values, are listed in Table 5-2, and are described in the remainder of this chapter. Table 5-2 The Command-line options AUTO_CONNECT Connect on first SQL statement if not already connected YES | NO BINDING Early or late binding? EARLY | LATE CONFIG Name of a user configuration file <filename> ERRORS Destination of error messages YES | NO FIPS Turns on FIPS flagger YES | NO INAME Name of input file <filename> LNAME Name of listing file <filename> LTYPE Kind of listing file NONE | SHORT | LONG MAPPING Resolves overloaded procedure names for the default WITH INTERFACE PROCEDURE clause ( ) | OVERLOAD MAXLITERAL Maximum length of string literal in generated host language code 10..1024 ONAME Name of source code output file <filename> OUTPUT Kinds of output files generated One of, or list of two or more of (NONE | CODE | SPECIFICATION | LIST | PACKAGE PNAME Name of package in the database <package_name> RPC_GENERATE Generate stubs from stored package or procedure? YES | NO SELECT_ERROR Should a query returning more than one row generate a runtime error? YES | NO Name of specification output file <filename> SQLCHECK Kind of compile-time checking done NONE | SYNTAX | SEMANTICS STORE_PACKAGE Store module as a package in the database YES | NO USERID Username and password <string> Values {YES | NO} Default Value NO Meaning If AUTO_CONNECT=YES, and you are not already connected to a database, when SQLLIB processes the first executable SQL statement, it attempts to connect using the userid where username is your current operating system user or task name and nullusername is a valid Oracle userid. When AUTO_CONNECT=NO, you must use the CONNECT statement to connect to Oracle. Can be entered only on the command line or in a configuration file. Values {EARLY | LATE} Default Value EARLY Meaning The BINDING option is used when generating interface procedure files, that is, when RPC_GENERATE=YES. Early binding means that a time stamp is derived from the time of compilation of the stored procedure, and the time stamp is saved in the interface procedures file. When a stored procedure is called through a stub (specified in the interface procedures file), if the current time stamp on the procedure in the database is later than that specified in the stub, the message "time stamp of <stored procedure name> has been changed" (ORA-04062) is returned. The stored package must have WITH INTERFACE clauses specified for each procedure when RPC_GENERATE=YES, regardless of whether you choose early or late binding using the BINDING option. See the section "Early and Late Binding" for more information. Values <filename> Default Value None. Meaning Specifies the name of a user configuration file that contains options. The user configuration file is a text file. Each option in the file must be on a separate line (record). Values {YES | NO} Default Value YES Meaning Specifies the destination for error message output. If ERRORS=YES, the output is both to the terminal and to the listing (.lis) file. If ERRORS=NO, error messages are sent only to the listing file. Values {YES | NO} Default Value NO Meaning Specifies whether instances of non-compliance with the ANSI/ISO SQL standards will be flagged at compile time. If FIPS=YES, Oracle extensions to standard Module Language and standard SQL, as well as use of standard constructs in ways that violate the SQL standard format or syntax rules, are flagged by the FIPS flagger. Values <filename> Default Value None. Meaning Specifies the name of the input file. If the specified filename does not contain an extension, the compiler supplies the default extension for the host language. Only one input file is allowed. If more than one INAME option is specified, the last one prevails, and the earlier ones are ignored. If STORE_PACKAGE=NO and the PNAME option is specified, the INAME option cannot be specified. In this case, there is no input file, since the input comes from the stored package. If INAME is specified under these circumstances, SQL*Module generates a warning message and continues, if possible. Values <filename> Default Value The base name of the listing file first defaults to the base name of INAME or, if INAME is not specified, it defaults to the name of the package specified in the PNAME option. The default file extension is .lis. Meaning Specifies the name of the listing file. This option is valid only if the LTYPE option is not NONE. Values {NONE | SHORT | LONG} Default Value LONG Meaning Specifies the listing type. The OUTPUT option list must contain the VALUE LIST, otherwise this option has no effect. If the LTYPE value is NONE, no list file is generated, regardless of the setting of the OUTPUT option. If the LTYPE value is SHORT, the list file contains no code, only error messages. LTYPE=LONG generates a complete listing file, with errors and code. Note: Values ( ) | OVERLOAD where ( ) indicates an empty string. Default Value Empty string. Meaning The MAPPING option is used when generating prototypes for the default WITH INTERFACE PROCEDURE clause. See "The Default WITH INTERFACE Clause" for more information. When MAPPING=OVERLOAD, SQL*Module resolves overloaded stored procedure and function names when generating stubs. It does this by prefixing MODn_ to the second and subsequent procedure names, where n starts with 2, and increments by 1 until all stubs for all overloaded procedures of that name have been resolved. Values Numeric literal, range 10 to 1024 bytes Default Value 255 bytes Meaning Specifies the maximum length of string literals generated by the SQL*Module compiler, so that host language compiler limits are not exceeded. For example, if your system's compiler cannot handle string literals longer than 512 bytes, specify MAXLITERAL=512 in the system configuration file. Values <filename> Default Value The base name of the output file first defaults to the base name of INAME. If INAME is not specified, then ONAME defaults to the name of the package specified in the PNAME option, if present. The default file extension is system dependent, but is generally .a. The default output directory is the current directory. Meaning Specifies the name of the code output file. Whether an output file is actually generated depends on the values of the OUTPUT option. The OUTPUT list must contain the value CODE. Values Any one or more of CODE, LIST, NONE, PACKAGE, SPECIFICATION Default Values CODE, SPECIFICATION Meaning Specifies what output files SQL*Module generates. The values are CODE An interface procedures file is generated. LIST A listing file is generated. See the LNAME and LTYPE options for more information. NONE No files are generated. This option is used to do syntactic and semantic checking of the input file, as error output is always generated. PACKAGE PL/SQL source files are generated. These files contain the PL/SQL package generated by SQL*Module. The default base filename is the same as the name specified in either the INAME or the PNAME option. If both are specified, the default is taken from INAME. The default extensions are .pks (package specification) and .pkb (package body). SPECIFICATION A specification file containing procedure declarations is generated. The filename extension is language specific. See "Output Files" for more information. Note: If the value NONE is included in the list, then no output of any kind is generated, regardless of any other values that might be in the list. Values Name of a stored package or a standalone stored procedure in the Oracle database, or the name to be given to a stored package to be created in the database when STORE_PACKAGE=YES. Default Value For Output (when RPC_GENERATE=YES) There is no default value. You must specify the name of a package in the database. However, you can specify a complete path name, including an extension, to serve as a default for ONAME. In this case, the directory hierarchy and the filename extension are ignored, and the basename is taken as the package name for database lookup. For Input (when STORE_PACKAGE=YES) The default value is the module name in the MODULE clause of the input file. If there is no module name, the default is taken from the INAME value. Meaning Specifies the name of the package stored in the database (if STORE_PACKAGE=NO), or the name of a package to be created by SQL*Module (if STORE_PACKAGE=YES). The name must be a valid database object name. Values {YES |NO} Default Value NO Meaning Specifies whether SQL*Module should produce an interface procedures file so that a host program can call stored procedures. You can use this option with STORE_PACKAGE=NO and PNAME=<package_name> to generate interface procedures for standalone or packaged procedures that are already stored in the database. You can also use this option with INAME=<filename> and STORE_PACKAGE=YES to store procedures in a module file in the database, and generate an interface procedures file to access them. Values {YES | NO} Default Value YES Meaning Specifies whether an error is generated at runtime when a SELECT or FETCH statement returns more than one row. Values <filename> Default Value The base name of the input file, if specified, plus the appropriate extension for a specification file for the host language. For Ada, a system-specific filename addition and extension is used, such as ora_dcl for VAX/OPEN VMS Ada, or *s.a for Verdix Ada. Meaning Specifies the name of the specification or header file. If INAME is not specified, SNAME must be specified to get a specification file. The file is not generated if the OUTPUT option does not include SPECIFICATION in its list of values. Values {YES | NO} Default Value NO Meaning If STORE_PACKAGE=YES, SQL*Module compiles the module file specified in the mandatory INAME option, and stores the packaged procedures in the database schema specified by the USERID option. The name of the package is specified by the PNAME option. If you do not specify a PNAME option, the default package name becomes the name of the module, as specified in the MODULE clause of the module file. If neither the PNAME option nor the MODULE clause is specified, the package name is the base name (omitting any path specification or file extension) of the input file specified in the INAME option. Values {NONE | SYNTAX | SEMANTICS} Default Value SEMANTICS Meaning Determines the way SQL*Module processes the input file when INAME is specified. This option has no meaning if there is no input file. NONE SQL*Module processes the command line, issues any error messages produced by configuration file or command-line options, then exits without compiling any input and does not produce any output files. SYNTAX SQL*Module compiles the input file specified in the INAME option, using its own SQL parser. Errors detected are flagged, but no source code, specification, or listing output files are produced. SEMANTICS The input file is compiled on the server side, all syntactic and semantic errors are flagged, and all appropriate output files are generated. Values <string> Default Value None Meaning Specifies an Oracle username and, optionally, a password and a database to connect to. The syntax of this option is SQL*Module must be able to connect to a server when compiling an input file, to parse the SQL and PL/SQL statements, do syntactic and semantic checking, and to store packages if required. If the password is omitted, SQL*Module prompts for one. If a database is not specified, the default (local) database for the user is used. If you do not specify the USERID option, the default becomes the user name (and possibly the password) specified in the AUTHORIZATION clause of the Module Language input file, or the USERID value specified in a configuration file. Note: SQL*Module always prompts for a password if one has not been supplied in a configuration file, in an AUTHORIZATION clause in the module file, or on the command line. So, there is no need to hard code passwords into text files. To produce an executable program, you must compile source code output files that SQL*Module generates, then link these together with the compiled object files of any sources that call modules or interface procedures, with SQLLIB, and with other Oracle libraries. The details are necessarily both system and language dependent. The tables in the next three sections show a few examples. There is a Module Language file to be compiled. No stored database packages are involved. The steps to take are shown in Table 5-3. Note: This example is specific to VAX/OPEN VMS. For other Ada implementations, using a linker for all Ada files might be required. Table 5-3 Development Scenario 1 tst_app_drv.ada by Ada developer compile into Ada library using host Ada compiler 2 tst_app_mod.mad by SQL developer compile using SQL*Module 3 tst_app_mod.ora_dd generated by SQL*module in Step 2 compile into Ada library using host Ada compiler 4 tst_app_mod.ada generated by module from Step 2 compile into Ada library using host Ada compiler; make sure to with this package in tst_app_drv.ada 5 tst_app_drv.o extracted from Adalib link (with SQLLIB) 6 tst_app_drv linked from step 5 run and test ;:>_3Wt w'ݎ}/Z͵Fҗ;Ur e) d@U$³ #cq@ tjzO[o7nЮdg2+πZƉ dD}ߌ;fO_S^E y^Zvc{q;Y9dKeV`C^E Wm0?u c㴇1c9`)sj:5ܖs[w1t,@qA9:u{Y[}SN}uP# 4g(-Ě5; zkS6Ke̬8$ t5ޥ-/7zpͨmΡXl;]N `z J(MCK'R}B[7 >xDž>>_ ۻ8#æ>]>
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'~MQ$V z;OlJ i 8L%\]UFjޙ%ԯS;rA]5 ފ<]j7Ouyq$Oracle Legal Notices
Copyright Notice
Trademark Notice
License Restrictions Warranty/Consequential Damages Disclaimer
Warranty Disclaimer
Restricted Rights Notice
Hazardous Applications Notice
Third-Party Content, Products, and Services Disclaimer
Alpha and Beta Draft Documentation Notice
PK
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Contents
Title and Copyright Information
Preface
1 Introduction to SQL*Module
2 Module Language
3 Accessing Stored Procedures
4 Developing the Ada Application
5 Running SQL*Module
6 Demonstration Programs
A New Features
B Module Language Syntax
C Reserved Words
D SQLSTATE Codes
E System-Specific References
Index
PKܖy PK a9A OEBPS/ch_five.htm
B Module Language Syntax
Module Language Syntax Diagrams
Description of the illustration adaauth.gif
Description of the illustration adamod.gif
Preamble
Description of the illustration adapre.gif
LANGUAGE Clause
Description of the illustration adalang.gif
AUTHORIZATION Clause
Description of the illustration adaauth.gif
Procedure Definitions
Description of the illustration adaproc.gif
Description of the illustration adapar.gif
Description of the illustration adatyp.gif
WITH INTERFACE CLAUSE
Description of the illustration adawith.gif
Description of the illustration adaipfn.gif
Description of the illustration adamode.gif
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c OEBPS/toc.htmPK a9Aܖy dS OEBPS/appb.htmPK a9A6+~ t q OEBPS/ch_five.htmPK Y Y J] 5 Running SQL*Module
SQL*Module Input and Output
Input sources
Output Files
Determining the Input Source
Input Source Options
Invoking SQL*Module
Running the Compiler
modada <option=value> ...
modada iname=my_test1.mad oname=my_test1_mod.a userid=modtest
Case Sensitivity in Program Names, Option Names, and Values
Listing Options and Default Values
modada ?
modada <OPTION>=?
modada OUTPUT=?
modada
How to Specify Command-Line Options
INAME=my_test
MAXLITERAL=400
... STORE_PACKAGE=YES
... STORE_PACKAGE=true
Value Lists
... OUTPUT=(CODE,SPECIFICATION)
OUTPUT=(CODE,SPECIFICATION,LIST)
... OUTPUT=(CODE,LIST)
OUTPUT=(CODE,SPECIFICATION)
... OUTPUT=LIST
Default Values
Configuration Files
BINDING=LATE
USERID=MODTEST
Input Files
Output Files
Source Code Output File
Default File Names for Ada
modada iname=my_test1.mad
Specification File
Default Specification Filenames for Ada
modada iname=my_test1.mad
Listing File
PL/SQL Source Files
Command-Line Options
OPTION_NAME=VALUE
modada INAME=my_app3_mod ONAME=my_app3_mod SNAME=my_app3_pkg
OUTPUT=(CODE,SPECIFICATION)
OUTPUT=SPECIFICATION
OUT=SPEC
OU=SP
Option Name Option Purpose Values
AUTO_CONNECT
OPS$<username>
BINDING
CONFIG
ERRORS
FIPS
INAME
LNAME
LTYPE
MAPPING
MAXLITERAL
ONAME
OUTPUT
PNAME
RPC_GENERATE
SELECT_ERROR
SNAME
STORE_PACKAGE
SQLCHECK
USERID
USERID=USER_NAME[/PASSWORD][@DATABASE_NAME]
Compiling and Linking
An Example (Module Language)
Step File Name How Developed Action to Take
